Meglumine Antimoniate (MA), administered intramuscularly for 21 continuous days is the recommended treatment of leishmaniases in Ecuador. However, because of its toxicity and requirement for intramuscular injections, treatment is frequently abandoned before completion. In addition, therapeutic failure and reactivation are not uncommon. Here we evaluate the efficacy and safety of MA administered intralesionally (IL) in leishmaniasis recidiva cutis (LRC). LRC is a special clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by reactivation at the edges of a primary cured lesion, presenting with active papules around the scar. Twenty-one patients were included in the study. All were diagnosed parasitologically by one of three diagnostic methods (smear, culture, and Leishmanin skin test). Each patient received MA intralesionally weekly for 4 weeks. Each papule was infiltrated until complete saturation. On average, patients received 1 mL of MA per administration. The criterion of cure was the complete resolution of the papules. Follow up was performed at 30, 90, and 180 days after treatment. At day 30 after treatment, 19 (90.5%) of 21 patients were clinically cured. The two patients, who did not heal by the fourth application, were cured on the seventh and eighth dose, achieving a clinical cure of 100% without subsequent reactivation. Mild to moderate local pain during infiltration was the only adverse reaction experienced by 81% of patients. In one case, subsequent infiltrations were discontinued because of a local allergic reaction. Complete compliance of patients to treatment and the small volume of drug administered make this method of administering MA an effective, safe, and inexpensive alternative. Consequently, IL could replace intramuscular administration in the treatment of LRC in Ecuador.
La Reserva Nacional de Tambopata actualmente se encuentra en situación vulnerable por las diversas amenazas tales como la agricultura e invasión de tierras, la minería aurífera, la extracción ilegal de madera, la excesiva extracción de otros recursos naturales, el incremento de los procesos migratorios a la región que aumentan la presión y las amenazas sobre el área protegida. El objetivo es estimar los beneficios económicos que genera dicha reserva, el método de valoración económica es el costo de viaje mediante el cálculo del excedente del consumidor que consiste en estimar una función de visitas utilizando el modelo de Poisson aplicando la técnica de estimación de máxima verosimilitud. La base de datos se obtuvo de la aplicación de una encuesta socioeconómica con un tipo de muestreo aleatorio simple de donde se obtuvo en total 187 observaciones. Se evidencia que el beneficio económico que genera la reserva medido por el excedente del consumidor en promedio por visitante supera $ 3, mientras el beneficio total por año es de $140286, este resultado refleja el verdadero valor económico que tiene la reserva para la sociedad en conjunto.
ResumenIntroducción: Obesidad en la adolescencia se asocia con trastornos cardiometabólicos en la edad adulta. Es necesario contar con un índice de obesidad fácilmente aplicable para predecir riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes. Objetivo: Comparar la utilidad de los índices radio Cintura/Talla (r-CT), circunferencia de cintura (CC) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para determinar obesidad y predecir riesgos cardiometabólicos en adolescentes. Métodos: En este estudio trasversal, bajo criterios de la International Diabetes Federation (IDF) se determinó obesidad mediante tres índices, hipertensión arterial, hiperglicemia, hipertrigliceridemia y bajo HDL en 931 adolescentes mestizos ecuatorianos. La asociación de los índices de obesidad (r-CT, IMC y CC) con los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico se determinaron mediante radios de Odds ajustados y áreas bajo la curva (AUC, siglas en inglés) ROC (Característica Operativa del Receptor, siglas en inglés). Resultados: El r-CT ≥0.5 determinó mayor porcentaje de obesidad (36.6%) respecto a CC (17.4%) e IMC (6.7%). IMC ≥95 percentil se asoció significativamente con los cuatro factores de riesgo cardiometabólico, mientras que CC y r-CT se asociaron con tres de los cuatro factores. Los tres índices de obesidad determinan la concurrencia de tres o más factores de riesgo cardiometabólico con alta sensibilidad y especificidad con un AUC mayor de 0.80. Conclusiones: El IMC ≥ al percentil 95 es mejor predictor de riesgo cardiometabólico, pero no determina bien obesidad. El r-CT parece ser el indicador antropométrico más adecuado para detectar obesidad y predecir riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes mestizos debido a su fácil determinación y uso. Palabras clave: Obesidad, síndrome metabólico, predictores, riesgo cardiometabólico Abstract Background: Obesity in adolescence is associated with cardiometabolic problems in adulthood. It is necessary to have an easily applicable obesity index to predict cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Objective: To compare the usefulness of waist to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) to determine obesity and predict cardiometabolic risks in adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, under the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL rates were determined in 931 Ecuadorian mestizo adolescents. The association of the three obesity indices with the cardiometabolic risk factors was determined by means of adjusted Odds radios and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results: WHtR ≥0.5 determined the highest percentage of obesity (36.6%) with respect to WC (17.4%) and BMI (6.7%). BMI ≥95 percentile was significantly associated with the four cardiometabolic risk factors, while WC and WHtR were associated with three out of four factors. The three obesity indices determine the concurrence of three or more cardiometabolic risk factors with high sensitivity and specificity with an AUC great...
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