Background Prevention of mother-to-child transmission service is a comprehensive package of services planned to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It is very crucial to determine the level of quality of PMTCT services in this study area since other studies in our country omitted several variables in each category of the Donobedian model. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of quality of option B + PMTCT of HIV services. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection method was employed. Donabedian’s model was used to assess the level of quality of PMTCT service. A total of 422 pregnant women were used to assess the level of satisfaction of clients. An inventory of resources and direct observation was done to assess the quality of the input and output component of the Donobedian model respectively. In addition to satisfaction items, 12 output-related items were also used to assess quality in the output dimension. Finally, those hospitals that scored above 90% in each component of the Donovedian model were categorized as having good quality. Finally, twelve in-depth interviews were conducted to explore barriers to the quality of option B + PMTCT services. The qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method and finally, it was presented with the quantitative result through triangulation. Results No hospitals simultaneously met the requirements for good quality in all three dimensions of option B + PMTCT service quality. Only one hospital out of the four hospitals met the requirements for good quality of PMTCT service in the input dimension. Regarding the process and output dimension's quality of PMTCT services, two of the hospitals met the criteria for good quality. One hospital out of the total exhibited poor performance in all three dimensions of service quality for option B + PMTCT services. Conclusion According to this study no hospitals simultaneously met the requirements for good quality in all three dimensions of option B + PMTCT service quality. PMTCT unit performance must be continuously monitored, reviewed, and supervised. To obtain the minimum required resources primary hospitals must be supported.

Background: Early neonatal death is a serious concern, both in the developing and developed worlds. Early neonatal death remains a health problem and is the biggest component of the neonatal mortality rate. Therefore, substantial reduction in early neonatal mortality is a crucial pre-requisite for achieving further gains in child survival in the country. However, the distribution of deaths in the community within the first week is poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess time to death and its predictors among early neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of Dessie Referral Hospital. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the early neonatal patient in Dessie referral hospital on the total sample size of 416 selected patients by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by document review. Life table used to estimate the probability of survival, log-rank test to compare survival in two or more groups and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine factors associated with time to death of early neonate. The hazard ratio with 95% confidence level was used to declare statistical significant association. Result: A total of 416 early neonates were included in the study. There were 224(53.8%) male neonates. The overall early neonatal mortalities were 47(11.3%), of which 23.41% of them died on the first day of age. early neonatal mortality was associated with neonatal sepsis (AHR=3.349,95% CI,1.842-6.089), low birth weight of neonates (AHR=3.563%,95% CI,1.925-6.595), unable to breastfeeding during delivery (AHR=4.094,95% CI,1.603-10.452), neonatal respiratory distress (AHR=4.018,95% CI,1.733-9.371), perinatal asphyxia (AHR =2.540,95% CI,1.186-5.847). Conclusion: The causes of early neonatal death described in this study were preventable. Managing low birth weight, initiating exclusive breastfeeding, refining quality of service, and confirming the continuity of care are recommended to increase the survival of neonates.

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder is the most common mental disorder occurring among survivors of road traffic accidents. However, it remains under-explored and is not taken into account in the health policies of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinant factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of road traffic accident patients in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based unmatched case–control study design was employed from February 15 to April 25, 2021, in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, with a total sample size of 139 cases and 280 controls selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by pretested, interview with a structured questionnaire. The data were entered using Epi-Info, then exported and analyzed using STATA. The bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify determinant factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of road traffic accident. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence level was used as a measure of association. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Result A total of 135 cases and 270 controls participated in this study, with a response rate of 97% and 96%, respectively. In the final multivariable analysis, being male [AOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.32–0.99], primary educational status [AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.04–11], presence of personal psychiatric history [AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.17–3.92], presence of fracture [AOR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.2–4.8], witness of death [AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.26–4.30], presence of comorbidity [AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.28–4], good social support [AOR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.12–0.68] were significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of road traffic accident patients. Conclusion PTSD following road traffic accidents is common. A multi-disciplinary approach was therefore essential in the management of road traffic accident survivors at the orthopedic and trauma clinics. Patients with poor social support, bone fracture, witnessed death, comorbidity, and females should be routinely screened for post-traumatic stress disorder in all road traffic accident survivors.

Background In Ethiopia high population growth and unintended pregnancies are posing pressures where the economy is incapable of holding overpopulation. Despite this problem, utilization of modern contraception is low in rural areas of the country, especially in the areas where polygamy is common. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess contraceptive utilization and associated factors among polygamous and monogamous women in, Ethiopia. Method A community-based comparative cross-sectional and phenomenological study design was employed from July 1 to September 30, 2021, on the total sample size of 774 selected married women of the reproductive age group by using a multistage sampling method and a purposive sampling method were used for the qualitative part of the study. A pre-tested interview with a structured questionnaire was used to collect data and key informants were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Associated factors were analyzed by using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression models. The odds ratio, with a 95% confidence level, was used to declare a statistically significant association. Result A total of 703 married women of the reproductive age groups were interviewed, yielding a 90.89% response rate; among these married women, 352 and 351 were in monogamous and polygamous relationships. The proportion of women who use modern contraceptives was 161 (45.7%) in monogamous relationship, and 151 (43.0%) in polygamous relationships. Overall, utilization of modern contraceptives was significantly associated with educational status (AOR = 2.143, CI:1.428–3.216), religion (AOR = 1.704, CI: 1.144—2.539), undesired fertility (AOR = 3.17,CI:1.939–5.183), who decides on the number of children (AOR = 3.054, CI:1.93–4.832), getting clear information by Health care provider (AOR = 4.624, CI:3.132–6.828), family pressure (AOR = 1.855, CI:1.351–2.75), fear of social stigma (AOR = 2.482, CI:1.666–3.699), and accepts myths about contraceptives (AOR = 1.878, CI:1.278–2.761). Conclusion This study identified that utilization of modern contraception was low in the study area. The district health office and concerned stakeholders should implement interventions that scale up contraceptive use, need family involvement in decision making, addressing myths around contraceptives, helping women to get education, and training of health care providers.

Background: - Ethiopia is one of the most populated countries in Africa with a high fertility rate. High population growth and unintended pregnancies are posing pressures where the economy is incapable of holding overpopulation. Despite this problem, utilization of modern contraception is low in rural areas of the country where most of the population resides, especially in the areas where polygamy is common. Understanding modern contraceptive use and the unmet need for family planning is important to changes in fertility and improving reproductive health worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess contraceptive utilization and associated factors among polygamous and monogamous women in worebabo woreda, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Method: - A community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted on the total sample size of 774 selected married women of the reproductive age group by using a multistage sampling method. A pre-tested interview with a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Determinant factors were analyzed by using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression models. The odds ratio, with a 95% confidence level, was used to declare a statistically significant association. A phenomenological study design and a purposive sampling method were used for the qualitative part of the study. Result: - A total of 703 married women of the reproductive age group were interviewed, among these married women, 352 and 351 were in monogamous and polygamous relationships. The proportion of women who use modern contraceptives was 161 (45.7%) in monogamous relationship, and 151 (43.0%) in polygamous relationships. Overall, utilization of modern contraceptives was significantly associated with the educational status of the respondent, respondent type of religion, desire time for other children, who decides on the number of children, getting clear information by Health care provider, family pressure to use of modern contraceptive, fear of social stigma, and accept myths about contraceptives. Conclusion: - This study identified that utilization of modern contraception is low in the study area. Healthcare programmers at federal, regional, zonal, and woreda levels by collaborating with other partners should initiate new initiatives or interventions that target cultural and social relationships to encourage the utilization of modern contraceptive methods.