In the absence of light, temperatures also affect the red coloration of apple fruit skins. Harvested apples incubated under warm temperatures only in darkness have reduced anthocyanin accumulation (Tan, 1980), while red coloration in fruit skin is stimulated in apples incubated under low temperatures in darkness followed by room temperatures (Reay, 1999). Although high temperatures at night are known to inhibit fruit skin coloration of apples on trees (Blankenship, 1987), the precise mechanism has not been elucidated.Abnormal weather due to global warming has been prevalent and the incidence of tropical night high temperatures has increased recently (Jacob et al., 2014;Thibeault and Seth, 2014). According to Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5, the incidence of tropical night high temperature is about 2-fold higher than that in South Korea at the end of the 21 st century (Seo et al., 2014). Night temperature is important German Society for Horticultural Science SummaryWe analyzed the fruit skin coloration and expressions of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes to determine the effects of night temperature on 'Hongro' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Trees were grown under low night temperatures (LNT; 3°C lower than the control) and high night temperatures (HNT; 3°C higher than the control) for 2 months from July to August. LNT promoted an increase of the a* value and decreases of the L*, b*, and h° values in fruit skins, but HNT produced the opposite results. Anthocyanins accumulated in fruit skins with increasing days after full bloom. The anthocyanin biosynthesis was promoted by LNT, but inhibited by HNT. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that LNT increased the expressions of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MdCHS, MdF3H, MdDFR, MdANS, and MdUFGT, but HNT decreased them. These results suggest that temperatures at night affect anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit skins by regulating expressions of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Keywords anthocyanidin, CIE color scales, fruit quality, high night temperature, transcription factors What is the expected impact on horticulture? • As a result of global warming, not only high temperatures in the daytime but also tropical night high temperatures are increasing. Our results provide fundamental information for controlling the fruit skin coloration of apples under different temperatures at night.

A new chestnut cultivar, Mipung (Castanea kusakuri Blume), was released from Korean native chestnut trees by the chestnut laboratory of the Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in 2005. This cultivar was first selected from a natural population in 1984, and the preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials for evaluation were carried out from 1985 to 2005. 'Mipung' is a late-ripening cultivar with an optimal ripening date in late September. It has good nut quality for eating raw and processing. Average nut weight is 27.3 g, which is much heavier than that of the control cultivar, Arima (C. crenata). It is also identified as resistant to chestnut blight disease and chestnut gall wasp. The average yield of 8-yearold 'Mipung' was 8.8 kg per tree, which is superior to that of 'Arima'. Origin 'Mipung' (Castanea kusakuri Blume) chestnut was selected in 1984 from superior and indigenous individuals located at Gyohangri, Jumunjin-eup, Gangneung-si, and Gangwondo, Republic of Korea. Since 1984, the cultivar has been vigorous and produced much heavier fruit uniformly throughout the fruiting season. Also, the cultivar has shown resistance to chestnut blight disease and chestnut gall wasp.

Freezing hardiness of winter bud and branch of several pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars according to degree and duration of low temperatures was investigated by sprouting, electrolyte leaching rate and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Sprouting rate as infected by degree and duration of low temperature were different between cultivars. The lower temperature, the longer duration, sprouting rate was decreased. Electrolyte leaching rate was showed above 30% at below -30 o C treatment regardless of cultivars and duration. The lower temperature and the longer duration, Electrolyte leaching rate was increased. Electrolyte leaching rates of Manpungbae, Niitaka and Chuwhangbae at -30 o C for 9 hours treatment which were observed high sprouting rate, were lower than those of other varieties. Absorbance rates by TTC test at -21 o C treatment were 66.0 to 96.5% for 6 hours, 49.4 to 91.9% for 9 hours, and 37.3 to 89.4% for 12 hours. Freezing hardiness of pear cultivars at ecodormancy was different according to degree and duration of low temperature treatments.

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