PAPs (purple acid phosphatases) belong to the metallo-phosphoesterase superfamily and play important roles in developmental processes, phosphorus foraging, and recycling. However, the specific functions of BrPAPs in Brassica rapa are poorly understood. In this study, 39 BrPAPs were identified and divided into three major clades and nine subgroups. In 8 of the 39 BrPAPs, some invariant amino acid residues were lost or shifted. Based on an expression profiling analysis, BrPAP11, 14, 20, 24, 29, and 34 were specifically expressed in fertile floral buds, indicating their critical roles during pollen development. A total of 21 BrPAPs responded to Pi deprivation in either shoots or roots. Of these, BrPAP4, 5, 19, and 21 were upregulated in roots under Pi depravation conditions, while BrPAP12 was upregulated in the roots in normal conditions. BrPAP28 was upregulated in shoots under Pi depravation conditions, indicating its function shifted compared with its Arabidopsis homolog, AtPAP26. The present work contributes to further investigation of BrPAPs as candidate genes for genetic improvement studies of low phosphorus tolerance as well as for creating male sterile lines based on gene editing methods in Brassica rapa.
Regional economic vitality is an important part of regional comprehensive competitiveness. Accurate assessment of regional economic vitality can reflect the state of economic development among different regions and provide reference to the developing policies of regional economic. To measure the regional economic vitality of main Chinese cities, in this paper, we first establish a mathematical index system based on five aspects (i.e., industrial vitality, capital vitality, innovation vitality, talent vitality and humanistic vitality). Then, the evaluation model of regional economic vitality is constructed using entropy method. The result shows that among 19 main cities of China, Guangzhou and Hangzhou have the highest economic vitality in the first-tier and second-tier cities, respectively. Besides, the change of the comprehensive evaluation of economic vitality among the first-tier cities is more obvious than that between second-tier cities. The evaluation results reflect regional differences in Chinese economic development and can provide valuable reference for exploring benign sustainable policies for regional economic development.
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