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Background Contrast associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a major cause of acute renal failure and the incidence of CA-AKI is still high in recent years. Risk stratification is traditionally based on glomerular filtration rate(GFR). Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the novel risk factors for CA-AKI after enhanced computed tomography (CT). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 632 in-hospital patients undergoing enhanced CT. The patients were divided into CA-AKI and no-CA-AKI groups. For comparative analyses, we applied one-to-four cohorts of those two groups using propensity score-matching methods addressing the imbalances of age, gender, weight, and smoking. The baseline clinical and biochemical data were compared. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the CA-AKI risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was adopted to test the value of RDW in predicting CA-AKI after enhanced CT. Results 25 (3.96%) patients suffered from CA-AKI. Those subjects who developed CA-AKI had advanced age, severer renal functional injury, lower albumin, higher baseline RDW, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) than those without CA-AKI. It also exhibited more severe anemia including decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell count (all p < 0.05). The baseline RDW, albumin and PLR between the two groups were statistically significant different after PSM. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that baseline RDW, albumin and eGFR were correlated with CA-AKI after contrast-enhanced CT examination. The RDW exhibited moderated discrimination ability for predicting CA-AKI beyond eGFR, with an AUC of 0.803 (95% CI [0.702–0.90]) vs 0.765 (95% CI [0.70–0.83]). Conclusion Increased baseline RDW and decreased eGFR are risk factors for CA-AKI after enhanced CT. RDW exhibited good predictive value and can be used as an early warning marker for patients suffering from CA-AKI after enhanced CT.