Cancer immunotherapy has achieved promising clinical responses in recent years owing to the potential of controlling metastatic disease. However, there is a limited research to prove the superior therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy on breast cancer compared with melanoma and non‐small‐cell lung cancer because of its limited expression of PD‐L1, low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and high level of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform (FA‐CuS/DTX@PEI‐PpIX‐CpG nanocomposites, denoted as FA‐CD@PP‐CpG) for synergistic phototherapy (photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) included) and docetaxel (DTX)‐enhanced immunotherapy is successfully developed. The nanocomposites exhibit excellent PDT efficacy and photothermal conversion capability under 650 and 808 nm irradiation, respectively. More significantly, FA‐CD@PP‐CpG with no obvious side effects can remarkably inhibit the tumor growth in vivo based on a 4T1‐tumor‐bearing mice modal. A low dosage of loaded DTX in FA‐CD@PP‐CpG can promote infiltration of CTLs to improve efficacy of anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (aPD‐L1), suppress MDSCs, and effectively polarize MDSCs toward M1 phenotype to reduce tumor burden, further to enhance the antitumor efficacy. Taken together, FA‐CD@PP‐CpG nanocomposites offer an efficient synergistic therapeutic modality in docetaxel‐enhanced immunotherapy for clinical application of breast cancer.

Owing to their unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties, metal nitrides nanostructures are widely used in optoelectronics, clean energy, and catalysis fields. Despite great progress has been achieved, synthesis of defect-rich (DR) bimetallic nitride nanocrystals or related nanohybrids remains a challenge, and their electrocatalytic application for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has not been fully studied. Herein, the DR-Ni 3 FeN nanocrystals and N-doped graphene (N-G) nanohybrids (DR-Ni 3 FeN/N-G) are fabricated through temperature-programmed annealing and nitridation treatment of NiFe-layered double hydroxides/graphene oxide precursors by controlling annealing atmosphere. In the nanohybrids, the DR-Ni 3 FeN nanocrystals are anchored on N-G, and mainly show twin crystal defects besides ≈10% of stacking faults. Such nanohybrids can efficiently catalyze OER in alkaline media with a small overpotential (0.25 V) to attain the current density of 10 mA cm −2 and a high turnover frequency (0.46 s −1 ), superior to their counterparts (the nearly defect-free Ni 3 FeN/N-G), commercial IrO 2 , and the-state-of-art reported OER catalysts. Except for the superior activity, they show better durability than their counterparts yet. As revealed by microstructural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical analyses, the enhanced OER performance of DR-Ni 3 FeN/N-G nanohybrids originates from the abundant twin crystal defects in Ni 3 FeN active phase and the strong interplay between

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a set of catalytic processes that can be used to produce fuels and chemicals from synthesis gas (mixture of CO and H 2 ), which can be derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. Biomass to Liquid via Fischer-Tropsch (BTL-FT) synthesis is gaining increasing interests from academia and industry because of its ability to produce carbon neutral and environmentally friendly clean fuels; such kinds of fuels can help to meet the globally increasing energy demand and to meet the stricter environmental regulations in the future. In the BTL-FT process, biomass, such as woodchips and straw stalk, is firstly converted into biomass-derived syngas (bio-syngas) by gasification. Then, a cleaning process is applied to remove impurities from the bio-syngas to produce clean bio-syngas which meets the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis requirements. Cleaned bio-syngas is then conducted into a Fischer-Tropsch catalytic reactor to produce green gasoline, diesel and other clean biofuels. This review will analyze the three main steps of BTL-FT process, and discuss the issues related to biomass gasification, bio-syngas cleaning methods and conversion of bio-syngas into liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Some features in regard to increasing carbon utilization, enhancing catalyst activity, maximizing selectivity and avoiding catalyst deactivation in bio-syngas conversion process are also discussed.

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BackgroundThis study aimed to explore the effects of HMGA2 on cell proliferation and metastases in lung cancer and its underlying mechanism.Methods HMGA2 expression in lung cancer tissues and its association with overall survival were analyzed based on data from a public database. The roles of HMGA2 were validated via loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function experiments in vitro. HMGA2 regulation by microRNA‐195 (miR‐195) was validated by real time‐PCR, Western blotting, and luciferase reporter assays.Results HMGA2 was upregulated and associated with reduced overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. HMGA2 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and motility of H1299 cells, while HMGA2 ectopic expression in A549 cells increased cell proliferation and migration. HMGA2 affected cell apoptosis through caspase 3/9 and Bcl‐2, and regulated epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition by targeting Twist 1. Moreover, miR‐195 was found to directly target the 3′ untranslated region of HMGA2 messenger RNA and suppress its expression in lung cancer.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that HMGA2, regulated by miR‐195, played important roles in proliferation, metastases, and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. HMGA2 might serve as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.