Background Therapeutic studies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have become one of the important works in global public health. Methods Differential expression analysis was performed between HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) patients for GPL6947 and GPL10558 of GSE29429. Coexpression analysis of common genes with the same direction of differential expression identified modules. Module genes were subjected to enrichment analysis, Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis, and PPI network analysis. The top 100 most connected genes in the PPI network were screened to construct the LASSO model, and AUC values were calculated to identify the key genes. Methylation modification of key genes were identified by the chAMP package. Differences in immune cell infiltration between HIV + and HIV- patients, as well as between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV + patients, were calculated using ssGSEA. Results We obtained 3610 common genes, clustered into nine coexpression modules. Module genes were significantly enriched in interferon signalling, helper T-cell immunity, and HIF-1-signalling pathways. We screened out module genes with gradual changes in expression with increasing time from HIV enrolment using STEM software. We identified 12 significant genes through LASSO regression analysis, especially proteasome 20S subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and interferon alpha inducible protein 27 (IFI27). The expression of PSMB8 and IFI27 were then detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Interestingly, IFI27 was also a persistently dysregulated gene identified by STEM. In addition, 10 of the key genes were identified to be modified by methylation. The significantly infiltrated immune cells in HIV + patients were restored after ART, and IFI27 was significantly associated with immune cells. Conclusion The above results provided potential target genes for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV + patients. IFI27 may be associated with the progression of HIV infection and may be a powerful target for immunotherapy.

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As a two-dimensional nano-material with outstanding characteristics, graphene is mainly composed of carbon atoms organized in a honeycomb configuration. Numerous attempts have been made to produce substantial amounts of graphene using various chemical processes since the first isolation of graphene in 2004 by mechanical exfoliation from graphite. There is still a lot of potential applications remained undiscovered, particularly in strengthen heat resistance and toughness of the material. This paper summarized the preparation process of graphene, micro-morphology and macro performance of graphene in recent years. The mechanical properties, ways of toughening composites and mechanism of graphene on ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix were studied. In addition, the influence on thermal properties via different synthesis process, thermal shock resistance and oxidation resistance of graphene were explored.