Previous neuropathological studies regarding traumatic brain injury have primarily focused on changes in large structures, for example, the clinical prognosis after cerebral contusion, intracerebral hematoma, and epidural and subdural hematoma. In fact, many smaller injuries can also lead to severe neurological disorders. For example, cerebral microbleeds result in the dysfunction of adjacent neurons and the disassociation between cortex and subcortical structures. These tiny changes cannot be adequately visualized on CT or conventional MRI. In contrast, gradient echo sequence-based susceptibility-weighted imaging is very sensitive to blood metabolites and microbleeds, and can be used to evaluate traumatic cerebral microbleeds with high sensitivity and accuracy. Cerebral microbleed can be considered as an important imaging marker for diffuse axonal injury with potential relevance for prognosis. For this reason, based on experimental and clinical studies, this study reviews the role of imaging data showing traumatic cerebral microbleeds in the evaluation of cerebral neuronal injury and neurofunctional loss.

Background: We performed this study to explore the clinical effects of a heterogeneous bovine acellular dermal matrix (ADM) used for repairing mucosal defects in reconstructive surgery following resection for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Patients and Methods: A summary analysis was carried out on the surgical data of 93 patients who underwent reconstructive surgery using a heterogeneous bovine ADM following resection of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The patients underwent an electronic laryngoscope review. Results: After 3-6 months, the repaired mucosa had replaced the mucosal defects in 88 patients who had undergone stage I reconstruction, recovering local function. Due to infection, 3 patients had a laryngeal fistula and 2 patients had a pharyngeal fistula; the fistula incidence rate was 5.4%. 86 patients underwent successful tracheal extubation (extubation rate, 92.5%). The duration from tracheotomy to extubation was 8-31 days; the average duration was 10.4 days. Conclusion: The heterogeneous bovine ADM is a new, safe, and effective material for reconstructive surgery. In patients with large mucosal defects, it avoids the trauma caused by flap repair.

No abstract