An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype O virus occurred in cattle and pigs in South Korea during November 2010–April 2011. The highest rates of case and virus detection were observed 44 days after the first case was detected. Detection rates declined rapidly after culling and completion of a national vaccination program.

Carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) have been used to sense conformational changes and binding events in protein and nucleic acid structures from the intrinsic molecular charge. The key to utilizing these CNT devices as single-molecule sensors is the ability to attach a single probe molecule to an individual device. In contrast with noncovalent attachment approaches such as those based on van der Waals interactions, covalent attachment approaches generally deliver higher stability but have traditionally been more difficult to control, resulting in low yield. Here we present a single-point-functionalization method for CNTFET arrays based on electrochemical control of a diazonium reaction to create sp3 defects, combined with a scalable spin-casting method for large arrays of devices on arbitrary substrates. Attachment of probe DNA to the functionalized device verifies correct single molecule detection of DNA hybridization with the complementary target. This method enables rapid single-point defect generation with 80% yield, rendering it adaptable to fabricating large arrays of CNTFET devices.

Leukocytes, creatine kinase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein showed delayed-onset increases in both groups. Increased exercise intensity may stimulate greater endothelial responses independent of the inflammatory markers in EIH. The loss of a protective effect may be greater in those with EIH than in CONs. Acknowledging and prescribing proper exercise intensity may be critical in preventing possible vascular-related complications in runners with EIH.