Summary Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used for powering electric vehicles (EVs), however, the charging time of LIBs is considerably higher than the refueling time of petrol‐fueled vehicles, which limits the applications of LIBs. Materials that can overcome this limitation should be developed, and these materials should be inexpensive to commercialize. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an anode material in LIB to satisfy both the requirements. The surface and pore structure of commercial AC was suitably modified for fast charging using physical and chemical activation methods, that is, P‐AC and C‐AC, respectively. We focused on the stability of various kinds of electrode materials, such as AC, C‐AC, P‐AC, commercial graphite, and graphene, under fast‐charging conditions. Among these methods, P‐AC exhibited the most stable and highest capacity during 500 cycles at the 5C rate, although the initial capacity (<50 cycles) of P‐AC was given the second priority. We believe that the suitable mixture of meso‐ and micropores in P‐ACs increases the diffusivity and insertion rate of the Li‐ion (solvation) at fast‐charging condition, thereby leading to higher long‐term stability.

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Background: Quality of recovery, assessed by patients, is related to patients' satisfaction, and even to quality of life. Of numerous patient-based measures to evaluate the quality of recovery, a '40-item-quality of recovery (QoR-40)' has proved to be valid and reliable. Using this questionnaire, we evaluated the quality of recovery in the gynecological patients and tried to identify factors affecting the quality of recovery.Methods: Patients undergoing gynecological surgery were asked to fill a questionnaire 8 to 9 p.m the day after the completion of anesthesia. Questionnaires were prepared after translation to Korean from 40-item-quality of recovery. From the anesthetic and recovery room records we collected data about patient's age, surgery types, anesthetic and surgical duration, recovery room stay, main anesthetic agents, and recovery room complications.Results: A total of 383 patients completed the questionnaires. Patients aged under 40 got significantly lower QoR-40 scores than those aged over 40, especially in the dimension of pain (P ＜ 0.05). Patients who had undergone laparoscopic surgery got higher scores than those had undergone non-laparoscopic surgery (P ＜ 0.05). Patients who answered the questionnaires in more than 30 hours after the completion of anesthesia showed lower total scores than those who did in less than 30 hours, especially in the dimensions of emotional state and pain (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions: In gynecological patients, laparoscopic surgery improved quality of recovery. Quality of recovery was affected by age and survey time. Postoperative pain contributed to the decrease of the quality of recovery.