BackgroundPrimary care in South Korea has no effective screening system to identify high-risk suicide patients despite to the possibility of hidden patients. The present study examined the prevalence of suicidal ideation and depression among primary care patients and investigated rates of recognition and management strategies of physicians as they encountering patients with suicidal ideation and depression in primary care settings.MethodsThis study was conducted as a two-part survey of patients visiting primary care clinics and their physicians. (1) The survey for patients was administered over 17 days in two areas and assessed socio-demographic characteristics, health behavior and the prevalence of suicidal ideation and depression. The participants were 1363 outpatients; 848 lived in urban area, and 515 were from rural area. (2) We surveyed the physicians’ recognition of patients with suicidal ideations and depression as well as their current management. Eighteen doctors at 15 local clinics (8 in urban area and 7 in rural area) participated in this survey.ResultsThe prevalence rates of suicidal ideation and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 10) were 18.3% (95% confidence interval: 16.2–20.3) and 13.9% (95% CI 12.6–15.7), respectively in primary care settings. The rates of suicidal ideation and depression were approximately 2.4 times and 1.4 times higher, respectively than those in community dwelling people. Ten (69.7%) and 4 (26.7%) of the 15 clinics staffed physicians who did not recognize suicidal ideation and depression, respectively. Five (83.3%) of 6 and 4 (38.6%) of 14 physicians who recognized suicidal ideation and depression among their patients respectively, only recommended psychiatry without any arrangements for a referral.ConclusionOur findings imply that many patients with suicidal ideations and depression in primary care settings are under-diagnosed and under-treated. As a result, education and training of the identification and management of suicidal ideation and depression should be made available to physicians in primary care settings.

Compared to traditional cooling systems, radiative cooling (RC) is a promising cooling strategy in terms of reducing energy consumption enormously and avoiding severe environmental issues. Radiative cooling materials (RCMs) reduce the temperature of objects without using an external energy supply by dissipating thermal energy via infrared (IR) radiation into the cold outer space through the atmospheric window. Therefore, RC has a great potential for various applications, such as energy-saving buildings, vehicles, water harvesting, solar cells, and personal thermal management. Herein, we review the recent progress in the applications of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as RCMs and provide insights for further development of RC technology. Particle-based RCMs have tremendous potential owing to the ease of engineering their optical and physical properties, as well as processibility for facile, inexpensive, and large area deposition. The optical and physical properties of inorganic NPs and MPs can be tuned easily by changing their size, shape, composition, and crystals structures. This feature allows particle-based RCMs to fulfill requirements pertaining to passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC), which requires high reflectivity in the solar spectrum and high emissivity within the atmospheric window. By adjusting the structures and compositions of colloidal inorganic particles, they can be utilized to design a thermal radiator with a selective emission spectrum at wavelengths of 8–13 μm, which is preferable for PDRC. In addition, colloidal particles can exhibit high reflectivity in the solar spectrum through Mie-scattering, which can be further engineered by modifying the compositions and structures of colloidal particles. Recent advances in PDRC that utilize inorganic NPs and MPs are summarized and discussed together with various materials, structural designs, and optical properties. Subsequently, we discuss the integration of functional NPs to achieve functional RCMs. We describe various approaches to the design of colored RCMs including structural colors, plasmonics, and luminescent wavelength conversion. In addition, we further describe experimental approaches to realize self-adaptive RC by incorporating phase-change materials and to fabricate multifunctional RC devices by using a combination of functional NPs and MPs. Graphical Abstract

No abstract

Herein, we report the size and composition-controlled synthesis of pnictogen bismuth thiohalide (BiSX) nanocrystals (NCs) via the injection-free heat-up method. Colloidal BiSX nanorods (NRs) were synthesized using bismuth halides (BiX3)...