Collagen sponge is one of the medical materials that are frequently used in clinical medicine. However, the problem of prion disease harmfully affected the usage of mammals-derived medical materials. Since there have been no reports about prion disease occurring in marine products, we produced the collagen and elastin sponge (CES) made from salmon, and investigated whether the CES could be a substitute for mammalian collagen sponge. Fibroblasts were seeded in the CES to examine whether the CES could be used as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The results of the WST-1 assay showed that the fibroblasts were viable and were well proliferated in the CES. To examine whether the CES could be used as an artificial dermis, the CES and TERUDERMIS (traditional collagen sponge) were grafted onto the skin defects on the dorsum of rats. The histological findings of these ulcers showed non-significant difference between the CES and TERUDERMIS. Because of the safety, the abundance of the resources, and the possessing same ability as TERUDERMIS, the biomedical materials derived from marine products may be a substitute for those derived from mammals.Collagen sponge is one of the biomedical materials frequently used in clinical medicine, especially in dermatology and plastic reconstructive surgery. It has been used as a biomaterial which covers fullthickness skin defects for the treatments of diseases and conditions such as burn (13,30,42), trauma (16), chronic skin ulcer (2, 10), excised skin tumor (23,33,38) and others that cause full-thickness skin defects. The main ability of collagen sponge is to accelerate tissue granulation (7), as forming good granulation from a relatively early stage-even on a tendon (18, 37) and bone (16,23,38,42), which generally takes a long time to form. And this ability is able to make a wound heal fast by using secondary skin grafting. The combined treatment with collagen sponge and skin grafting is less invasive for patients than other operative methods covering skin defects, such as local skin flaps, pedicled flaps, and free flaps because it is technically easy and takes a short time to perform the combination treatment (23,38). Collagen sponge is a very important treatment tool in dermatology and plastic reconstructive surgery. Collagen sponge is expected to be used as a scaffold for tissue engineering because of its high ability of cell adherence and biological affinity. It has contributed to regenerating various tissues such as

The Maillard reaction intermediates and related phytochemicals in garlic (Allium sativum L.), which was heated for various lengths of time, using X-band (9 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Non-spin-trap and non-destructive EPR detected the total reaction intermediates (radicals). The g-value of the signal was 2.004. The signal with a peak-to-peak linewidth (ΔHpp) was approximately 0.67 milli Tesla (mT). The values of the intermediates are suggestive of organic compounds. The garlic darkened in color with the increasing number of heating days. Melanoidin, responsible for darkening of the garlic, was detected at an absorbance of 400 nm. Analysis of the correlation between the EPR intensity and melanoidin absorbance showed a good correlation coefficient (0.98). In addition, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and total phenolic compounds increased with the increasing number of heating days. Moreover, trace amount of Fe3+ was observed in the black garlic by EPR. Non-destructive EPR is a useful method for evaluating not only Maillard reaction intermediates, but also the pigment associated with the reaction processes.

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have important physiological functions. Encapsulation by spray drying is a technique used to protect against oxidation of PUFAs. The present work aimed to investigate the effect of starch coating on the oxidation stability of spray-dried powders containing fish oil droplets.A mixture (wall material content: 22 wt %) containing maltodextrin (MD, dextrose equivalent (DE) = 25)) or sucrose, hydrolyzed casein (4 wt %), antioxidants (4 wt %) dissolved in water (40 wt %) and fish oil (30 wt %) was homogenized at 100 MPa using a high-pressure homogenizer. The emulsion was spray-dried into powders using a pilot-scale spray dryer with and without starch feeding near the atomizer. The apparent oxidation rate constant depended significantly on the surface-oil content and was larger for the MD-coated fish oil than for the sucrose-coated fish oil.

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Antioxidant activities of garlic extracts and garlic compounds were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging method. In water-soluble sulfur compounds, alliin and γ-glutamyl-S-(E)-1propenyl cysteine showed high radical scavenging activity. Garlic extracts that contained cycloalliin s howed advanced browning and high radical scavenging activity. In oil-soluble sulfur compounds, allicin and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin showed high radical scavenging activity. Oil-soluble sulfur compounds that contained allicin were added to fish oil, and were incubated at 50C. After 24 hours, the peroxide value was less than 12 meq/kg, indicating that allicin inhibited fish oil oxidation.