An immunoliposome (80 nm in diameter) encapsulating a Ru complex with two aminobutyl moieties was prepared to detect the presence of hemagglutinin molecules, which play an important role in influenza virus infection. The highly sensitive detection was accomplished by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from the Ru complex adsorbed onto Au electrodes after competitive immunoreactions. This method clarified that the adsorption of the Ru complex onto the electrode was an important factor in obtaining high sensitivity. Optimization of the analytical conditions enabled determination of the hemagglutinin molecules of the influenza virus in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-14) (6 x 10(-19) mol/50 microL sample) to 2 x 10(-12) g/mL. The sensitivity was far superior to that obtained by conventional ELISA as well as to that obtained by biosensors and reported thus far.
Detoxification of highly toxic polychlorinated aromatic
compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like compounds
such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs)
under mild conditions(atmospheric pressure and room
temperature) was achieved by a simple stirring operation
for 24 h using metallic calcium in ethanol, without any
tedious decomposition procedures and harsh conditions
such as high temperature and/or high pressure. Metallic
calcium can be kept stable under atmospheric conditions for
a long period as compared to metallic sodium since the
surface is coated with CaCO3, which is formed in the contact
with air. Moreover, ethanol, which is one of the safest
solvents for humans, acts not only as a solvent but also
as an accelerator due to its ablility to remove the carbonated
coating. This decomposition method for PCDDs, PCDFs,
and co-PCBs therefore is one of the most economical and
environmentally friendly detoxification methods with
respect to the input energy and safety of reagents used.
Concentration for each isomer of PCDDs, PCDFs, and co-PCBs was reduced in 98.32−100% conversions by
treatment in ethanol at room temperature. The toxicity
equivalency quantity (TEQ), which was measured by the
HRGC−HRMS analysis, for the total residues of isomers was
reduced from 22 000 to 210 pg TEQ/mL of hexane
(conversion: 99.05%) at room temperature. By refluxing
over 24 h, the conversion increased up to 99.45%.
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