Sarcopenia, clinical T stage, presence of hydronephrosis, histology of TURBT specimen, and NLR are novel preoperative prognostic factors even after adjustment for other known preoperative predictors in patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer.

We found that use of an intra-abdominal FDG uptake cut-off value for SUVmax of >5.1 assists in the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis. FDG PET may play an important role in the clinical management of patients with suspected peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Objective: In Japan, no study has compared the perioperative outcomes observed between robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and open radical cystectomy (ORC). This study aimed at a prospective comparison of the perioperative outcomes between RARC and ORC performed by a single surgeon. Methods: Between 2008 and 2011, 26 bladder cancer patients underwent radical cystectomy by one surgeon, 11 robotically and 15 by open procedure. We prospectively collected perioperative and pathological data for these 26 patients, and retrospectively compared these two different surgical procedures. Results: The RARC cohort had a significant decrease in both estimated blood loss (656.9 vs. 1788.7 ml, P ¼ 0.0015) and allogeneic transfusion requirement (0 vs. 40%, P ¼ 0.0237). The total operative time was almost the same (P ¼ 0.2306) but increased duration of bladder removal and lymphadenectomy was observed in the RARC cohort (P ¼ 0.0049). Surgeryrelated complication rates within 30 days were not significantly different (P ¼ 0.4185). Positive surgical margin was observed in three patients in the ORC cohort and in one patient in the RARC cohort (P ¼ 0.4664). The RARC cohort had a larger number of removed lymph nodes than the ORC cohort, and the difference was statistically significant (20.7 vs. 13.8, P ¼ 0.0421). Conclusions: We confirmed that RARC is safe and yields acceptable outcomes in comparison with ORC for the treatment of bladder cancer if it is performed by a surgeon who has experience of over 60 cases of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. It is hoped that RARC will gain acceptance in Japan as a minimally invasive surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

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The objective of the present study was to establish an orthotopic tumor transplantation model in nude mice that closely resembles the clinical features of human lung cancer. The human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line and the squamous cell carcinoma SQ5 cell line were used. Tumor cells suspended in serum-free medium were injected directly into the main bronchi of anesthetized female Balb/c athymic nude mice (7-9 weeks old) with or without simultaneous administration of 0.01 M ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). In some experiments, lung carcinoma cells harvested from tumors transplanted subcutaneously were recultured and used for intratracheal implantation. Tumor nodules that formed in the lung were counted and confirmed by histological examination. Administration of A549 cells with EDTA resulted in a 70% engraftment rate (n = 10). Recultured A549 cells without and with EDTA resulted in 20% (n = 5) and 80% (n = 5) engraftment rates, respectively. Administration of SQ5 cells without or with EDTA formed 50% (n = 4) and 67% (n = 6) engraftment rates, respectively. Recultured (1) In Japan, lung cancer caused 12.7% of cancer-related mortalities in women and 22% of cancer-related mortalities in men in 2001. (2) In addition, no more than 14.9% of patients survived after treatment for lung cancer. It is a general consensus that the poor prognosis of patients with lung cancer reflects the aggressive biological nature of the cancer as well as the ineffectiveness of early detection procedures and treatment.Efforts have been made to develop effective treatments for lung cancer using an in vivo model. For example, an orthotopic transplantation model of human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) demonstrates sensitivity to cisplatin and resistance to mitomycin C, reflecting the clinical situation. In contrast, the same tumor xenograft implanted subcutaneously responded to mitomycin C and not to cisplatin, thus failing to match the clinical behavior of SCLC.(3) Organ microenvironment may influence the phenotype and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of tumor cells, as described originally by Pagets' 'seed and soil' theory (4) and confirmed by others.(5,6) Therefore, it is essential to establish a clinically relevant in vivo model that simulates the clinical features for lung cancer research.Several orthotopic transplantation models of lung cancer have been developed in rodents. Examples include direct implantation of human cancerous tissue (7) and injection of tumor cells into the rodent airway, (8,9) pleural cavity, (10,11) or lung parenchyma after skin incision (12) or thoracotomy. (13,14) However, the complex technique for performing transplantation in these models limited their widespread use. Most of the research and development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for lung cancer still rely on subcutaneous tumor models, which are potentially less clinically relevant.In the present study, we developed a new orthotopic transplantation human lung cancer model in athymic nude mice using a reproducible technique. The presen...