(WHO, 1998). It was suggested that Japanese, categorized as having normal weight (BMI of less than 25.0), as defined by the WHO (2000), have an increasing tendency toward metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to analyze metabolic syndrome in "Overweight" with BMI of 23.0-24.9 in Japanese workers, and to assess the suitability for Asians of the Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region of WHO criteria pertaining to obesity (WPRO criteria, 2000). We conducted a cross-sectional study in the workplace setting and investigated the relationship between BMI classification based on WPRO criteria and metabolic syndrome by gender and age group (18-44 yr vs. 45-60 yr). Three hundred seventy-nine men and 432 women Japanese workers participated in this study. BMI were categorized as 20% "Overweight" (23.0-24.9 BMI), 20% "Obese I" (25.0-29.9 BMI) and 2% "Obese II" (over 30.0 BMI), based on WPRO criteria. Graded increases in BMI were positively associated with body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip Received April 30, 2003; Accepted Aug 21, 2003 Correspondence to: K. Shiwaku, Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo City, Shimane, Japan ratio in both genders and age groups. A progressively increasing BMI category in the elder group aged 45-60 yr in both genders was positively related with parameters constituting metabolic syndrome. Graded increases in BMI classes in elder workers based on WPRO criteria were positively associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and "Overweight" elder women had significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The present investigation, based on the increasing risks of "Overweight" with a BMI of 23.0-24.9, suggests that WPRO criteria are suitable for Japanese workers aged over 45 yr. (J Occup Health 2003; 45: 335-343)
Previous investigations of the neural code for complex object shape have focused on two-dimensional (2D) pattern representation. This might be the primary mode for object vision, based on simplicity and direct relation to the retinal image. In contrast, 3D shape representation requires higher-dimensional coding based on extensive computation. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence of an explicit neural code for complex 3D object shape. We used a novel evolutionary stimulus strategy and linear/nonlinear response models to characterize 3D shape responses in macaque monkey inferotemporal cortex (IT). We found widespread tuning for 3D spatial configurations of surface fragments characterized by their 3D orientations and joint principal curvatures. Configural representation of 3D shape could provide specific knowledge of object structure critical for guidance of complex physical interactions and evaluation of object functionality and utility.
Intrinsic signal imaging from inferotemporal (IT) cortex, a visual area essential for object perception and recognition, revealed that visually presented objects activated patches in a distributed manner. When visual features of these objects were partially removed, the simplified stimuli activated only a subset of the patches elicited by the originals. This result, in conjunction with extracellular recording, suggests that an object is represented by a combination of cortical columns, each of which represents a visual feature (feature column). Simplification of an object occasionally caused the appearance of columns that were not active when viewing the more complex form. Thus, not all the columns related to a particular feature were necessarily activated by the original objects. Taken together, these results suggest that objects may be represented not only by simply combining feature columns but also by using a variety of combinations of active and inactive columns for individual features.
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