Endocytosis performs a wide range of functions in animals and plants. Clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation is an initial step of endocytosis, and in animal cells is largely achieved by dynamins. However, little is known of its molecular mechanisms in plant cells. To identify dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) involved in endocytic CCV formation in plant cells, we compared the behaviors of two structurally different Arabidopsis DRPs, DRP2B and DRP1A, with those of the clathrin light chain (CLC), a marker of CCVs, at the plasma membrane by variable incidence angle fluorescent microscopy (VIAFM). DRP2B shares domain organization with animal dynamins whereas DRP1A is plant-specific. We show that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged DRP2B and DRP1A colocalized with CLC tagged with monomeric Kusabira Orange (mKO) in Arabidopsis cultured cells. Time-lapse VIAFM observations suggested that both GFP-DRP2B and GFP-DRP1A appeared and accumulated on the existing mKO-CLC foci and disappeared at the same time as or immediately after the disappearance of mKO-CLC. Moreover, DRP2B and DRP1A colocalized and assembled/disassembled together at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis cells. A yeast twohybrid assay showed that DRP2B and DRP1A interacted with each other. An inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, tyrphostin A23, disturbed the localization of DRP1A, but had little effect on the localization of DRP2B, indicating that DRP1A and DRP2B have different molecular properties. These results suggest that DRP2B and DRP1A participate together in endocytic CCV formation in Arabidopsis cells despite the difference of their molecular properties.

For the purpose of extending the theoretical interpretation of the large-scale equatorial waves discovered by Yanai and Maruyama (1966), a three-dimensional linearized primitive equation model of unstable waves is constructed on an equatorial beta plane.It is assumed that the release of latent heat due to moist convection in the troposphere is disturbed in proportion to the horizontal convergence in the subcloud layer responding to large-scale equatorial waves.It is found that Mode HB in the theory of unstable low latitude disturbances by Yamasaki (1969) is characterized by complex equivalent depth which simulates many aspects of YanaiMaruyama waves. This mode is further classified into various meridional modes, following Matsuno (1966). When the heat in the upper troposphere exceeds a critical value, unstable waves of free internal mode come into existence. Their growth rate increases with increasing heat in the upper troposphere.With the exception of inertio-gravity waves and Kelvin waves, mixed Rossby-gravity waves are the most unstable. The period corresponding to the observed wavelength of 10,000 km coincides with the observed period of about 4 days. The e-folding time is of the order of 10 days which, however, decreases with increasing wavelength.The energy and momentum budgets are also examined in detail. It is shown that a nonlinear forcing by Rossby type waves results in easterly acceleration of the mean zonal wind in the lower stratosphere, while Kelvin waves accelerate a westerly flow.

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Space-time spectral analysis methods and their applications to large-scale atmospheric waves are reviewed.