This article examines the relative impact of internal and external factors on the financial decline of local Arab municipalities in Israel. We employ a unique case study to demonstrate that the negative relationship between local management policies and local financial crises is stronger than any other relationship; in addition, this relationship is expected to hold for other local authorities in Israel and for local authorities in Western countries. The new theoretical approach developed in this study indicates that, with respect to local authorities, the "local management approach" more often explains a financial crisis than other approaches. Keywords financial crises, local governments, Israel, Arab, local management approach, socioeconomic decline approach The financial sustainability of governmental and/or non-governmental organizations during financial crises is an important topic of scientific debate.

This article analyses the historical and cartographical understanding of the creation of the border between Egypt and Ottoman Palestine e Israel's current southern border e by examining Ottoman maps from the period between the mid nineteenth century and World War I. These maps deal with different stages of the border's definition and demarcation, and shed light on the Ottoman view of the region and its borders, which differs considerably from the more widely known British perspective. Most of these maps were not produced to deal directly with the issue of the border, but when embedded within the broader Ottoman cartographic and geopolitical framework, provide crucial information which allows us to trace the process of border definition.

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