Smart grid is expected to support electric vehicles parking lots with the existing power line infrastructure. In order to support all electric-vehicles (EVs) users to complete their charging needs before leaving the parking lot, the power grid requires that the charging demands of EVs should be within the allowable power limit to avoid the grid overloading. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic inference based algorithm (FLIA) to manage the available power efficiently for EVs in the parking lot. The problem is mathematically formulated and solved by the credibility of the fuzzy inference mechanism to control charging and discharging of the EVs. The key idea is to introduce the fuzzy inference mechanism that evaluates several uncertain input parameters from the electric grid and from EVs to obtain an adequately accurate charging or discharging decision for each of the connected EVs. The proposed scheme is applied to a parking lot with different parking capacities and compared with the conventional-based systems. The simulation results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm when dealing with the available power management and satisfying the EV user's requirements. INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles, fast charging stations, fuzzy logic inference, parking lot, power management.

Appliance load monitoring in smart homes has been gaining importance due to its significant advantages in achieving an energy efficient smart grid. The methods to manage such processes can be classified into hardware-based methods, including intrusive load monitoring (ILM) and software-based methods referring to non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). ILM is based on low-end meter devices attached to home appliances in opposition to NILM techniques, where only a single point of sensing is needed. Although ILM solutions can be relatively expensive, they provide higher efficiency and reliability than NILMs. Moreover, future solutions are expected to be hybrid, combining the benefits of NILM along with individual power measurement by smart plugs and smart appliances. This paper proposes a novel ILM approach for load monitoring that aims to develop an activity recognition system based on IoT architecture. The proposed IoT architecture consists of the appliances layer, perception layer, communication network layer, middleware layer, and application layer. The main function of the appliance recognition module is to label sensor data and allow the implementation of different home applications. Three different classifier models are tested using real data from the UK-DALE dataset: feed-forward neural network (FFNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and support vector machine (SVM). The developed activities of daily living (ADL) algorithm maps each ADL to a set of criteria depending on the appliance used. The features are extracted according to the consumption in Watt-hours and the times where they are switched on. In the FFNN and the LSTM networks, the accuracy is above 0.9 while around 0.8 for the SVM network. Other experiments are performed to evaluate the classifier model using a new test set. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to study the impact of the group size on the classifier accuracy.

Electric vehicles (EVs) parking lots are representing significant charging loads for relatively a long period of time. Therefore, the aggregated charging load of EVs may coincide with the peak demand of the distribution power system and can greatly stress the power grid. The stress on the power grid can be characterized by the additional electricity demand and the introduction of a new peak load that may overwhelm both the substations and transmission systems. In order to avoid the stress on the power grid, the parking lot operators are required to limit the penetration level of EVs and optimally distribute the available power among them. This affects the EV owner’s quality of experience (QoE) and thereby reducing the quality of performance (QoP) for the parking lot operators. The QoE is represents the satisfaction level of EV owners; whereas, the QoP is a measurement representing the ratio of EVs with QoE to the total number of EVs. This study proposes a fuzzy logic weight-based charging scheme (FLWCS) to optimally distribute the charging power among the most appropriate EVs in such a way that maximizes the QoP for the parking lot operators under the operational constraints of the power grid. The developed fuzzy inference mechanism resolves the uncertainties and correlates the independent inputs such as state-of-charge, the remaining parking duration and the available power into weighted values for the EVs in each time slot. Once the weight values for all EVs are known, their charging operations are controlled such that the operational constraints of the power grid are respected in each time slot. The proposed FLWCS is applied to a parking lot with different capacities. The simulation results reveal an improved QoP comparing to the conventional first-come-first-served (FCFS) based scheme.

Abstract:With the microgrid revolution, each house will have the ability to meet its own energy needs locally from renewable energy sources such as solar or wind. However, real-time data gathering, energy management and control of renewable energy systems will depend mainly on the performance of the communications infrastructure. This paper describes the design of a communication network architecture using both wired and wireless technologies for monitoring and controlling distributed energy systems involving small-scale wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. The proposed communication architecture consists of three layers: device layer, network layer, and application layer. Two scenarios are considered: a smart-house and a smart-building. Various types of sensor nodes and measurement devices are defined to monitor the condition of the renewable energy systems based on the international electrotechnical commission standard. The OPNET Modeler is used for performance evaluation in terms of end-to-end (ETE) delay. The network performance is compared in view of ETE delay, reliability and implementation cost for three different technologies: Ethernet-based, WiFi-based, and ZigBee-based. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2015, 8 8717

This paper proposes an optimal route and charging station selection (RCS) algorithm based on model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to overcome the uncertainty issues of the traffic conditions and dynamic arrival charging requests. The proposed DRL based RCS algorithm aims to minimize the total travel time of electric vehicles (EV) charging requests from origin to destination using the selection of the optimal route and charging station considering dynamically changing traffic conditions and unknown future requests. In this paper, we formulate this RCS problem as a Markov decision process model with unknown transition probability. A Deep Q network has been adopted with function approximation to find the optimal electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) selection policy. To obtain the feature states for each EVCS, we define the traffic preprocess module, charging preprocess module and feature extract module. The proposed DRL based RCS algorithm is compared with conventional strategies such as minimum distance, minimum travel time, and minimum waiting time. The performance is evaluated in terms of travel time, waiting time, charging time, driving time, and distance under the various distributions and number of EV charging requests.