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The crystal structure of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid octyl ester (octyl gallate) dihydrate, C~sH22Os.2H20, is triclinic, Pi, with a=6.617 (1) . The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R(F 2) = 0.059 for 302 parameters and 3655 observations. The alkyl chain of the molecule is in the fully extended conformation. The molecular packing is head-to-head bilayer with interdigitizing alkyl chains. The gallate head groups are hydrogen bonded with the water molecules to form a strong system of intraand intermolecular hydrogen bonds consisting of finite and infinite chains. The crystals undergo crystal-to-crystal phase transitions at 365 K on heating and at 333 K on cooling, but despite the molecular packing which is analogous to that of the mesogenic alkyl glycosides, there is no thermotropic liquid crystal phase prior to the formation of the isotropic liquid phases at 376 K. Similary, no lyotropic liquid crystal phases are observed at room temperature in contact with a mixture of water and propanediol in which the crystals are soluble.