The MdVT demonstrated excellent face and content validity as well as reasonable workload parameters. The use of this simulator in resident training may help bridge the gap between the safe acquisition of surgical skills and effective performance during live robot-assisted surgery.

Enzyme pro-drug suicide gene therapy has been hindered by inefficient viral delivery and gene transduction. To further explore the potential of this approach, we have developed AdIU1, a prostate-restricted replicative adenovirus (PRRA) armed with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). In our previous Ad-OC-TK/ACV phase I clinical trial, we demonstrated safety and proof of principle with a tissue-specific promoter-based TK/pro-drug therapy using a replication-defective adenovirus for the treatment of prostate cancer metastases. In this study, we aimed to inhibit the growth of androgen-independent (AI), PSA/PSMA-positive prostate cancer cells by AdIU1. In vitro the viability of an AI-PSA/PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cell line, CWR22rv, was significantly inhibited by treatment with AdIU1 plus GCV (10 mg ml À1 ), compared with AdIU1 treatment alone and also cytotoxicity was observed following treatment with AdIU1 plus GCV only in PSA/PSMA-positive CWR22rv and C4-2 cells, but not in the PSA/PSMAnegative cell line, DU-145. In vivo assessment of AdIU1 plus GCV treatment revealed a stronger therapeutic effect against CWR22rv tumors in nude mice than treatment with AdIU1 alone, AdE4PSESE1a alone or in combination with GCV. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of specific-oncolysis and suicide gene therapy for AI-PSA/PSMA-positive prostate cancer gene therapy.

Public transport is a critical part of civilization in this decade. The amount of money invested and the criticality of transferring people in an acceptable time and without any conflict made it a challenging problem for managers, especially in metropolises. Absolutely, making effective decisions in this area requires considering different aspects. Waiting time is a key criterion in apprising quality of public transport. In this paper, a real world case study of ranking causes of delay in Tehran (Iran) metro system is solved by developing multi attribute group decision-making VIšeKriterijumska Optimizacija I KOmpromisno Rešenje (in Serbian, VIKOR) method under uncertainty, where this uncertainty is captured by Fuzzy Belief Structures (FBS). The obtained results are then compared with a previously proposed Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method with FBSs. The results show that human related issues, along with the problems related to line and transportation system are the most important causes of delay. The obtained results of the problem seem acceptable for decision makers.

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