The effective clinical management of cancer is entirely dependent on the detection at a suitable early time as well as on the proper diagnosis. The main aim of this review is to survey the applications of dielectric spectroscopy in the clinical cancer diagnosis and distinguishing between normal and tumor tissues. This review focuses on the recognition of the biophysical properties of normal and malignant tissues and also of biophysical changes elicited by cancers comprising (breast, liver, thyroid gland, lung, skin, bladder, uterine and ovarian, lung, and prostate) tumors. These biophysical changes are often produced because of the difference in tissue composition, blood flow, and architecture between normal and malignant cells. From the literature, it has been observed that

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Both gallic and citrate are well-established antioxidants that show promise as new selective anti-cancer drugs. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as well can be developed as flexible and nontoxic nano-carriers for anti-cancer drugs. This article evaluating the efficiency and biocompatibility of gallic acid and citrate capping gold nanoparticles to be used as anti-cancer drug. The biosafety and therapeutic efficiency of prepared nano-formulations were tested on Hela and normal BHK cell line. Gold nanospheres coated with citrate and gallate were synthesized via wet chemical reduction method. The prepared nano-formulations, citrate and gallate coated gold nanospheres (Cit-AuNPs and Ga-AuNPs), were characterized with respect to their morphology, FTIR spectra, and physical properties. In addition, to assess their cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and flow cytometry to measure biological response were performed. Cit-Au NPs and Ga-Au NPs were shown to significantly reduce the viability of Hela cancer cells. Both G0/G cell cycle arrest and comet assay results showed that genotoxic effect was induced in Hela cells by Cit-Au NPs and Ga-Au NPs. The results of this study showed that Cit-Au NPs and Ga-AuNPs inhibit the growth of metastatic cervical cancer cells, which could have therapeutic implications.

Aiming to design unique metallic drugs with significant therapeutic activity, in this work, mixed ligand Cu (II) complex involving 2,2′‐bipyridine and phenylalanine [Cu (bpy) (phenala.)Cl].2H2O has been fabricated and characterized using IR spectroscopy. The interaction of Cu (II) complex with CT‐DNA molecules was examined through UV–vis absorption titration plots, thermal denaturation experiments, viscosity measurements, and electrochemical studies. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry measurements have been exploited to elucidate their binding style. The negative potential shift in ΔE and E1/2 values as well as the increased current density of Cu (II)/Cu(I) redox couple suggested the promoted rate of electron transfer process in presence of CT‐DNA molecules in the examined solution. Some kinetic parameters were also estimated such as the diffusion coefficient, the exchange current density, and Tafel slope values. Based on the results of these binding experiments, a groove and/or electrostatic interaction mode was expected. The antimicrobial activity of the studied Cu (II) complex was screened against a series of bacteria and fungi. An outstanding performance was shown when treating different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria types. Moreover, an enhanced cytotoxicity behavior toward some human tumor cell lines, including MCF7, HEPG2, and HFB4, was detected with respective IC50 values of 43.02, 51.21, and >200 μM when incubated with Cu (II) complex for 72 h. These results suggest the application of [Cu (bpy) (phenala.)Cl].2H2O complex as a chemotherapeutic agent with a promising output in the drug discovery field.

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