Background: This study evaluated the use of dietary vitamin E and polyphenols on growth, immune and oxidative status of weaned pigs fed peroxidized lipids. A total of 192 piglets (21 days of age and body weight of 6.62 ± 1.04 kg) were assigned within sex and weight blocks to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using 48 pens with 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of lipid peroxidation (6% edible soybean oil or 6% peroxidized soybean oil), and antioxidant supplementation (control diet containing 33 IU/kg DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate; control with 200 IU/kg additional dl-α-tocopheryl-acetate; or control with 400 mg/kg polyphenols). Pigs were fed in 2 phases for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Results: Peroxidation of oil for 12 days at 80°C with exposure to 50 L/min of air substantially increased peroxide values, anisidine value, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal concentrations. Feeding peroxidized lipids decreased (P < 0.001) body weight (23.16 vs. 18.74 kg), daily gain (473 vs. 346 g/d), daily feed intake (658 vs. 535 g/d) and gain:feed ratio (719 vs. 647 g/kg). Lipid peroxidation decreased serum vitamin E (P < 0.001) and this decrease was larger on day 35 (1.82 vs. 0.81 mg/kg) than day 14 (1.95 vs. 1.38 mg/kg). Supplemental vitamin E, but not polyphenols, increased (P ≤ 0.002) serum vitamin E by 84% and 22% for control and peroxidized diets, respectively (interaction, P = 0.001). Serum malondialdehyde decreased (P < 0.001) with peroxidation on day 14, but not day 35 and protein carbonyl increased (P < 0.001) with peroxidation on day 35, but not day 14. Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was not affected (P > 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity decreased with peroxidation (P < 0.001) and increased with vitamin E (P = 0.065) and polyphenols (P = 0.046) for the control oil diet only. Serum cytokine concentrations increased with feeding peroxidized lipids on day 35, but were not affected by antioxidant supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Feeding peroxidized lipids negatively impacted growth performance and antioxidant capacity of nursery pigs. Supplementation of vitamin E and polyphenols improved total antioxidant capacity, especially in pigs fed control diets, but did not restore growth performance.

Weanling pigs ( = 108, 21 d of age, 5.82 ± 0.16 kg initial BW) were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of CP (high- and low-CP diets) and dried citrus pulp (DCP; 0% and 7.5%) on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and hindgut fermentation. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and allotted to 1 of 9 pens, each containing 3 pigs. The high-CP diets consisted of feeding 20% and 21% CP levels throughout phase 1 (0 to 14 d) and phase 2 (14 to 28 d), respectively. For the low-CP diets, CP levels were reduced by 4% units as compared with the high-CP diets in both phases. Crystalline AA were supplied to maintain an ideal AA pattern. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded weekly. On d 7 and 28 postweaning, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for collection of small intestinal tissues and digesta from cecum and colon. There were no CP × DCP interactions for growth performance and gut morphology. Although the low-CP diet decreased ADG ( = 0.03) and G:F ( = 0.02) from d 21 to 28 postweaning, overall performance was unaffected by the treatments. On d 7 postweaning, pigs fed the low-CP diet tended to have increased ( = 0.09) crypt depth in the duodenum. Low-CP diets tended to increase ( = 0.06) crypt depth and reduce ( = 0.08) villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum on d 7. Dietary treatments did not affect ileal morphology. On d 7 postweaning, low-CP diets tended to reduce ( = 0.09) cecal total VFA, whereas dietary DCP inclusion tended to decrease ( = 0.07) colonic propionate. Including 7.5% DCP to the diet decreased ( < 0.05) colonic isovalerate and ammonia N concentrations on d 7 only for pigs fed the low-CP diet. On d 28 postweaning, DCP inclusion in low-CP diets decreased ( < 0.05) butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate concentrations in the cecum, as well as isovalerate, valerate, and ammonia N concentrations in the colon. Including 7.5% DCP to the diet increased ( < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio in the hindgut on both d 7 and 28 postweaning only for pigs fed the high-CP diet. Lactate concentration was unaffected by the treatments. These results indicate that feeding low-CP AA-supplemented diets did not compromise overall growth performance, but slightly increased damage in the gut morphology of weanling pigs. Moreover, adding 7.5% DCP to low-CP AA-supplemented diets shifted the fermentation pattern in the hindgut of weanling pigs by decreasing protein fermentation metabolites.

Weanling pigs ( = 108, 21 d of age, 5.82 ± 0.16 kg initial BW) were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of CP (high- and low-CP diets) and dried citrus pulp (DCP; 0% and 7.5%) on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and hindgut fermentation. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and allotted to 1 of 9 pens, each containing 3 pigs. The high-CP diets consisted of feeding 20% and 21% CP levels throughout phase 1 (0 to 14 d) and phase 2 (14 to 28 d), respectively. For the low-CP diets, CP levels were reduced by 4% units as compared with the high-CP diets in both phases. Crystalline AA were supplied to maintain an ideal AA pattern. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded weekly. On d 7 and 28 postweaning, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for collection of small intestinal tissues and digesta from cecum and colon. There were no CP × DCP interactions for growth performance and gut morphology. Although the low-CP diet decreased ADG ( = 0.03) and G:F ( = 0.02) from d 21 to 28 postweaning, overall performance was unaffected by the treatments. On d 7 postweaning, pigs fed the low-CP diet tended to have increased ( = 0.09) crypt depth in the duodenum. Low-CP diets tended to increase ( = 0.06) crypt depth and reduce ( = 0.08) villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum on d 7. Dietary treatments did not affect ileal morphology. On d 7 postweaning, low-CP diets tended to reduce ( = 0.09) cecal total VFA, whereas dietary DCP inclusion tended to decrease ( = 0.07) colonic propionate. Including 7.5% DCP to the diet decreased ( < 0.05) colonic isovalerate and ammonia N concentrations on d 7 only for pigs fed the low-CP diet. On d 28 postweaning, DCP inclusion in low-CP diets decreased ( < 0.05) butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate concentrations in the cecum, as well as isovalerate, valerate, and ammonia N concentrations in the colon. Including 7.5% DCP to the diet increased ( < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio in the hindgut on both d 7 and 28 postweaning only for pigs fed the high-CP diet. Lactate concentration was unaffected by the treatments. These results indicate that feeding low-CP AA-supplemented diets did not compromise overall growth performance, but slightly increased damage in the gut morphology of weanling pigs. Moreover, adding 7.5% DCP to low-CP AA-supplemented diets shifted the fermentation pattern in the hindgut of weanling pigs by decreasing protein fermentation metabolites.

No abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dietary vitamin E (VitE) and polyphenols on growth and oxidative status of weaned piglets fed peroxidized lipids. Pigs (n = 192; 21-d of age; 6.62±1.04 kg BW) were assigned within sex and weight blocks to a 2x3 factorial arrangement using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen; 8 replications/treatment). Factors consisted of lipid peroxidation (6% human-grade soybean oil or 6% peroxidized soybean oil), and antioxidant supplementation (control diet containing 25 IU/kg dl-α-tocopherol-acetate; control with 200 IU/kg additional dl-α-tocopherol-acetate; or control with 400 mg/kg polyphenols). Peroxidation was accomplished by heating control oil at 80°C with constant air flow at 50 L/min for 12 d (initial peroxide, anisidine value, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal concentrations were 4.1 vs. 141.6 meq/kg, 1.7 vs. 106, &lt; 5 vs. 99 mg/kg, and 8 vs. 720 mg/kg for control and peroxidized oil, respectively). Diets were fed in 2 phases (14 and 21 days). Overall, peroxidized lipids decreased (P &lt; 0.001) BW (23.16 vs. 18.74 kg), ADG (473 vs. 346 g/day), ADFI (658 vs. 535 g/day) and G:F (719 vs. 647 g/kg). Lipid peroxidation decreased serum vitamin E (P &lt; 0.001) and this decrease was larger on d35 (1.82 vs. 0.81 mg/kg) than d14 (1.95 vs. 1.38 mg/kg). Supplemental VitE, but not polyphenols, increased (P &lt; 0.002) serum vitamin E by 84 and 22%, for control and peroxidized diets, respectively (interaction, P = 0.001). Serum malondialdehyde decreased (P &lt; 0.001) with peroxidation on d14, but not d35 and protein carbonyl increased (P &lt; 0.001) with peroxidation on d35, but not d14. Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was not affected (P &gt; 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity decreased with peroxidation (P &lt; 0.001) and increased with VitE (P = 0.065) and polyphenols (P = 0.046) in the control oil diet only. Peroxidized lipids reduced growth performance, which could not be corrected with supplemental vitamin E or polyphenols in the diet.