No abstract

The article is devoted to the history of the Boutorovs in the XIX early XX century. The paper examines the basis for granting them the nobility, reconstructs the family tree, and traces the social and economic aspects of family history (education, service, land ownership). The research methodology is based on historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods that allow conducting genealogical research, tracing changes in the social and economic status of the family, and understanding how typical they were for the Russian nobility. The sources of the research were archival and published ego-documents of the Boutorovs, act materials and heraldic documents preserved in the Syzran branch of the CGASO and the RGIA. The authors conclude that the history of the Boutorovs was typical of the noble families that grew out of the official environment. Not having a large income, the Boutorovs were twice able to acquire an estate: the first was purchased, the other was given as a dowry. Both estates were economically profitable when the owners were actively engaged in them, and successfully adapted to the new economic conditions. Atypical for the capitals noble families was the departure of the Boutorovs to the province to an estate that was previously part of the efficient farms in the Middle Volga region. However, this did not lead to the loss of horizontal ties with influential court circles, but rather strengthened them, thanks to successful studies in prestigious educational institutions of the younger generation. The Boutorovs was in relationship with famous noble families such as Davydovs, Tatischevs, Khomyakovs, Bestuzhevs, Polivanovs; they was well received in the best capital living rooms, and also was presented to the court. The expansion of knowledge about this noble family makes it possible to clarify both social and economic aspects of the nobility of the late Russian Empire.

The article discusses the ethnic policy in the field of higher education in Russia between the First and Second World Wars. The "mobilization of ethnicity" in the educational policy of the first years of Soviet power is presented in the study as the "European-Asian project" of Soviet Russia - an attempt to create a single supranational economic, political and cultural space in a significant part of Eurasia. Based on the materials of the multicultural region of the Middle Volga region, the authors analyze the process of integration of the Volga peoples (Tatars, Mordovians and Chuvash) into the higher education system. The study showed that at the first stage of designing the new policy (1920s), the key direction was to provide ethnic groups with relative cultural autonomy (preserving and supporting national languages, religious customs and social traditions) in exchange for recognizing the legitimacy of the new government. At the second stage (1930s), the national educational policy of the state became more straightforward, integration processes intensified and, as a result, the mutual economic dependence of the capital and regions.

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Оригинальная нетиражная сатирическая графика Первой мировой войны, в отличие от массовой печатной графики, мало знакома исследователям, поскольку рассредоточена в различных музейных собраниях и изучение ее сопряжено с рядом трудностей. В статье анализируется уникальный исторический источник-коллекция акварельной карикатуры Самарского областного художественного музея, значительная по объему и репрезентативная по содержанию. Создателями рисунков были учащиеся Строгановского училища в Москве, выходцы из крестьянско-разночинной среды. Рисунки были сделаны ими под впечатлением от событий Первой мировой войны и не только перекликались с пропагандистскими лубочными рисунками, плакатами, газетными и журнальными карикатурами того времени, но и содержали новые интерпретации пропагандистских сюжетов. На основе анализа архивных сведений о молодых художниках, их социального положения, а также на основе сопоставления изображений с известными образцами печатной графики авторы статьи квалифицируют акварели коллекции как любительские ученические рисунки, свободные от канонов и условностей тиражных карикатур и обозначают ряд тем (цирк, кукольный театр, скатологическая тема), получивших у молодых художников необычную трактовку. Коллекция раскрывается как случай нетипичного соединения в рисунках различных культурных практик изображения и осмеяния противников России в годы Первой мировой войны. Художественная специфика рисунков связана с обращением молодых художников к архаичным пластам культуры и с поисками собственной изобразительной манеры.