Carnosol is an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory compound from rosemary. In this paper, we investigated antitumor activity of carnosol against human osteosarcoma cells. We found the viability of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells was significantly decreased in the presence of carnosol (cell viabilities: 17.2% for 20[Formula: see text]μg/ml of CS vs. 100% for control, [Formula: see text]). Carnosol induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner in MG-63 cells. Furthermore, carnosol exposure increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The pre-treatment of NAC, the ROS scavenger, blocked the inhibition of cell viability in the carnosol treatment, indicating that ROS is important in the antiproliferation effect. Moreover, we demonstrated that carnosol significantly induced autophagy and co-administration of autophagy inhibitor reduced the antiproliferating effect of carnosol. This result exhibited the cytotoxic effect of autophagy induced by carnosol in MG-63 cells. Interestingly, the treatment of NAC decreased carnosol-induced autophagy. Collectively, these data indicate that carnosol suppresses the viability of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells by upregulation of apoptosis and autophagy, which are both mediated by ROS. Thus, carnosol might serve as a potential therapeutic agent against osteosarcoma.

Background:The treatment of subtrochanteric fracture nonunion is challenging. Although revision with either an intramedullary or extramedullary device had been advocated with acceptable results, complications that require secondary procedures still arise. The use of an intramedullary device with augmentation plate fixation is a well-known approach for femoral or tibial diaphyseal nonunion. However, this approach has not previously been reported for subtrochanteric fracture nonunion.Materials and Methods:A series of 21 cases of subtrochanteric fracture nonunion treated with an intramedullary device in combination with augmentation side plating were collected and retrospectively reviewed after an average of 18 months of followup. Fourteen patients with a prior well-fixed intramedullary device were treated with side plating and bone grafting. Seven patients underwent revision nailing in addition to side plating and bone grafting.Results:All fractures united well without major complication. The average time to union was 7.1 months.Conclusion:The use of an intramedullary device with augmentation plate fixation is a reliable and decisive procedure for treating subtrochanteric fracture nonunion that produces satisfactory results with a low complication rate.

Background This study aims to determine whether nail size or the difference between canal and nail diameter (CN difference) affects the union rate and time of femoral shaft fracture treated with an interlocking intramedullary nail (IMN). Methods This was a retrospective review of 257 patients with femoral shaft fractures treated with IMN at a tertiary trauma medical center. All the IMN inserted were the same (Stryker T2 Femoral Nail). The patients were divided into groups based on nail size (10-, 11-, 12-, or 13-mm) and CN difference (< 1, 1–2, or > 2 mm), and union rate and time to union were compared. Results The 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-mm groups based on nail size had 113, 74, 54, and 16 patients, respectively. The overall union rate was 97% (257/265). No significant differences in union rate or time to union were observed among these 4 groups. The groups based on CN differences of < 1-, 1 to 2, and > 2 mm comprised 143, 79, and 35 patients, respectively. Again, no significant differences were noted in union rate or mean time to union among the groups. Conclusions Similar union rate and time to union were observed, regardless of nail size or CN difference. This finding indicates that most simple femoral shaft fractures can be treated with a standard, reamed 10-mm IMN. A larger nail insertion is unnecessary and presents more risks; comparatively, the use of a small nail with less reaming is simpler, requires shorter operative times, results in less blood loss, and is less expensive.

A novel ink jet printing process without additional photolithography process for large area color filter fabrication has been developed in this study. A 100×100 mm2 model of 32″ color filters was fabricated for evaluation. New developed RGB inks were able to achieve 73% NTSC standard with the thickness of R, G, and B films at 1.80, 1.90, and 1.80 μm, respectively. The overflow issue can be solved by surface pretreatments, and color inks formulation.

BackgroundThis study aims to determine whether nail size or the difference between canal and nail diameter (CN difference) affects the union rate and time of femoral shaft fracture treated with an interlocking intramedullary nail (IMN).MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 257 patients with femoral shaft fractures treated with IMN at a tertiary trauma medical center. All the IMN inserted were the same (Stryker T2 Femoral Nail). The patients were divided into groups based on nail size (10-, 11-, 12-, or 13-mm) and CN difference (<1, 1-2, or >2 mm), and union rate and time to union were compared.ResultsThe 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-mm groups based on nail size had 113, 74, 54, and 16 patients, respectively. The overall union rate was 97% (256/264). No significant differences in union rate or time to union were observed among these 4 groups. The groups based on CN differences of <1-, 1 to 2, and >2 mm comprised 143, 79, and 35 patients, respectively. Again, no significant differences were noted in union rate or mean time to union among the groups.ConclusionsSimilar union rate and time to union were observed, regardless of nail size or CN difference. This finding indicates that most simple femoral shaft fractures can be treated with a standard, reamed 10-mm IMN. A larger nail insertion is unnecessary and presents more risks; comparatively, the use of a small nail with less reaming is simpler, requires shorter operative times, results in less blood loss, and is less expensive.