Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an essential proinflammatory cytokine, which is mainly secreted by the CD4 + helper T cells (Th17 cells) and subsets of innate lymphoid cells. IL-17A is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, alopecia areata, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays a pivotal role in stimulating the production of IL-17 by activating the Th17 cells. The IL-23/IL-17 axis is an important pathway for targeted therapy for inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence from clinical trials has shown that monoclonal antibodies against IL-23, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor are effective in the treatment of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge about the biology, signaling, and pathophysiological functions of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammatory skin diseases. The currently available biologics targeting the axis is also discussed.

Photothermal properties of GNSs and GNRs are compared both experimentally and theoretically, and results show that GNSs exhibit a higher molar heating rate than GNRs.

Accompanying the widespread use of the Internet, the popularity of e-commerce is growing in developing countries such as China. Online shopping has significant effects on in-store shopping and on other personal activity travel behavior such as leisure activities and trip chaining behavior. Using data collected from a GPS-based activity travel diary in the Shangdi area of Beijing, this paper investigates the relationships between online shopping, in-store shopping and other dimensions of activity travel behavior using a structural equation modelling framework. Our results show that online buying frequency has positive effects on the frequencies of both in-store shopping and online searching, and in-store shopping frequency positively affects the frequency of online searching. Frequent online purchasers tend to shop in stores on weekends rather than weekdays. We also found a negative effect of online buying on the frequency of leisure activities, indicating that online shopping may reduce out-of-home leisure trips.

There is currently great interest in enzyme immobilization to enhance enzyme stability and reusability, and to aid in separation from the reaction mixture, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] but immobilized enzymes on commonly used inorganic and organic solid supports show low activities. This is a result of the leaching of the enzymes from the solid supports and the limited conformational transitions available to the enzymes for chemical interaction on the supports. [1][2][3][4] Enzymes encapsulated by a sol-gel/polymer [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] show good activity, but the wide pore-size distribution in sol-gel/polymers cannot be well controlled, and this adversely influences the diffusion of reactants and products during biocatalysis to the detriment of their practical application. [3,4,16] Recently, a number of successful examples of good enzyme activity resulting from enzyme immobilization in uniform mesopores of ordered mesostructured materials have been reported. [14][15][16][17] However, enzyme immobilization in mesopores is limited by the pore size of the mesostructured materials, so that bulky enzymes or enzyme aggregates larger than the mesopores cannot be immobilized. A general and facile approach for the encapsulation of enzymes of various sizes in ordered mesoporous silica is reported here, where the enzymes are entrapped in macroporous cages connected by uniform mesoporous channels. These encapsulated enzymes show good activity, long-term stability, and excellent recycling characteristics. The concept of "fish-in-net" encapsulation of enzymes in ordered mesoporous silica under mild conditions is illustrated in Figure 1. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was first assembled from a triblock ethylene oxide (EO)/propylene oxide (PO) copolymer surfactant ( EO 20 PO 70 EO 20 , P123) in ethanol. After evaporation of the ethanol and addition of glycerol, preformed precursors with ordered mesostructured silica particles were obtained in the glycerol solution, which is a non-denaturing solvent for enzymes. The preformed precursors were mixed with the enzyme solution under stirring at 4°C. During the interaction between the enzymes and the preformed precursors, active enzymes (acting as the "fish") were gradually entrapped in the "net" formed by the polymerization and condensation of the ordered mesostructured silica particles. After removal of the glycerol and water by evacuation, the xerogels with encapsulated enzymes were washed with ethanol and water several times to remove polymer surfactants in the mesopores. In contrast to the "ship-in-a-bottle" technique, [18] the enzymes in this work were used as templates for the