Abstract. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River discharges vast amount of unbalanced nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus with N / P ratio > 80 in general) into the East China Sea in summer.

) concentrations, suggesting a high possibility of 'bottom-up' (organic substrate supply) control. This was confirmed by the results of 3 enrichment experiments showing that bacterial growth was C limited. Our study provides mechanistic information regarding the magnitude of the interaction between physical, chemical and biological processes, since the time scale adopted by this study encompasses the turnover times of auto-and heterotrophic plankton.

Changjiang River discharges vast amount of unbalanced nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) with N / P > 80 in general) into the East China Sea during summertime. To explore nutrient dynamics and P stress potential for phytoplankton, a cruise was conducted in the Changjiang plume during summer 2011. With 3-D observations of nutrients, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and bulk alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), we concluded that the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and coastal upwelling significantly influenced the horizontal and vertical heterogeneities of phytoplankton P-deficiency in the plume. Allochthonous APA was detected at nutrient-enriched freshwater end. Excessive N (~10 to 112 µM) was obserevd throughout the entire plume surface. In the plume fringe where featured by stratification and excess N, diapycnal phosphate supply was blocked to stimulate APA for phytoplankton growth. We observed upwelling outcrops just attaching the turbidity front at seaward side, where Chl a peaked yet much less APA was detected. An external phosphate supply from subsurface, which stimulated phytoplankton growth but inhibited APA, was suggested and the supply was likely sourced from the Nearshore Kuroshio Branch Current. In such hydrographically complicated Changjiang plume, phosphate supply instead of its concentration was more important determining the expression of APA. Meanwhile, allochthounous APA may also alter the usefulness of APA as a P-stress indicator

The force mapping function in an atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to measure mechanical properties at the nanoscale. Currently, the temporal and spatial resolutions of force mapping are mainly limited by the bandwidths of the scanner and the cantilever tip. The measurement speed can be improved by using an ultra-small cantilever tip. However, a customized read-out system is essential for detecting the cantilever deflection. In this study, a high-speed force mapping mode was built on an astigmatic high-speed AFM. The experimental results demonstrated that this homemade system achieved a high-speed force-curve rate of 6.1 kHz and scan rate of 12 line s−1 (21 s/frame) with an image resolution of 256  ×  256 pixels. The sample stiffness mapping qualitatively distinguished the polystyrene and polyolefin elastomer materials.

The experience of female gamers in online gaming and gaming communities are characterized by a lack of social-emotional and organizational support, as well as prevalent general harassment and sexual harassment. Offline, negative stereotypes associated with female gamers and the lack of understanding from others towards women with video games as a hobby lead to the unwillingness of women to self-identify as gamers. Gender stereotypes, specifically, traits of male gamers being traditionally associated with gamer stereotypes cause the exclusion of female gamers and feminine traits from fair and normal treatment in the gaming community.In this contribution, the effects of existing gender stereotypes and misogynistic ideals present in society on the gamer stereotype and gaming community, as well as the subsequent treatment of female gamers are examined. I conclude that only a multifaceted approach capable of addressing the aforementioned relationship between the larger society and the gaming world would be effective in improving the overall condition and support for women in the gaming community.Additionally, I argue that the categorization and grouping of coping strategies used by female gamers in response to harassment online should be standardized into specific categories -taking into account previous methods of categorization grounded in both quantitative and qualitative approaches -to benefit future research.