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This paper proposes a versatile and robust immersed edge-based smoothed finite element method with the mass conservation algorithm (IESFEM/Mass) to solve partitioned fluid–structure interaction (FSI). A gradient smoothing technique was used to solve the system governing equations, which can improve the calculated capability of the linear triangular elements in two phases. Based on the quadratic sharp interface representation of immersed boundary, an extended fictitious domain constructed by a least squares method approximately corrected the residual flux error. The compatibility for boundary conditions on moving interfaces was satisfied, thus eliminating spurious oscillations. The results from all numerical examples were consistent with those from the existing experiments and published numerical solutions. Furthermore, the present divergence-free vector field had a faster-converged rate in the flow velocity, pressure, and FSI force. Even if in distorted meshes, the proposed algorithm maintained a stable accuracy improvement. The aerodynamics of one- and two-winged flapping motions in insect flight has been investigated through the IESFEM/Mass. It can be seen that the wing–wake interaction mechanism is a vital factor affecting the lift. The applicability of the present method in the biological FSI scenario was also well-demonstrated.

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Abstract-In the three-axis Cartesian robot system driven by direct current motor, factors such as mechanical inertia, load disturbance and complex contour error model would affect the pose accuracy of the end effector. Aiming at the problem, a fuzzy cross coupling controller is designed. First, the contour error model of three axis robots and the dc motor model are established; then the coupling compensation algorithm is derived and three-axis cross coupling controller is designed. And tracking error and contour error are both reduced by the antedisplacement of compensation of contour error; in the end, the performance of the cross coupling controller is verified by simulation. It turns out that the designed fuzzy cross coupling controller has high accuracy and strong robustness.