Interest in the mathematical modeling of the carbohydrate metabolism regulation system increases in recent years. This is associated with a «closed loop» insulin pump development (it controls an insulin infusion depending on the blood glucose level). To create an algorithm for the automatic control of insulin (and other hormones) infusion using an insulin pump it is necessary to accurately predict glycaemia level. So, the primary objective of mathematical modeling is to predict the blood glucose level changes, caused by the wide range of external factors. This review discusses the main mathematical models of blood glucose level control physiological system (simplified insulin–glucose system). The two major classes of models — empirical and theoretical — are described in detail. The ideal mathematical model of carbohydrate metabolism regulatory system is absent. However, the success in the field of blood glucose level control modeling and simulating is essential for the further development of diabetes prevention and treatment technologies, and creating an artificial pancreas in particular.

The article represents the review of issues of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in diabetes treatment. The therapeutic purposes are considered when carrying out SMBG before and after the meals, accepted in Russia, providing an individualization depending on age, existence of severe complications and the risk of hypoglycemia. SMBG frequency is presented at various options of the antidiabetic therapy. The value of carrying out SMBG for the patient and the doctor is discussed. The principles of the work photometric and electrochemical glucometers are given. Issues of accuracy of blood glucose measuring accepted by the International organization for standardization for the systems of SMBG are presented. The reasons of errors to the system evaluation of blood glucose are connected with incorrect hand washing, improper coding of test strips, external conditions (altitude, temperature, humidity), hematocrit, acidosis, hyperlipidemia, concentration of oxygen in blood, exogenous interfering substances (some medicines). The structure and rules of maintaining the diary as the main way of the storage of results of SMBG are presented. Data of the international and Russian studies on an assessment of efficiency of SMBG are shown. The SMBG new methods are discussed in the section on continuous glucose monitoring.