This study identifies the optimal crouched starting positions (elongated, medium, or bunched) from push-off to the first two steps. Seven elite sprinters were recruited as participants in this study (aged: 21[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]2 years). A high-speed camera (250[Formula: see text]Hz) was used to collect motion-based images on a sagittal plane. Kwon3D (software) was used to analyze the center of mass (COM) movement, step length, foot linear velocity, take-off angle, and trunk angle. Participants were tested in a 60[Formula: see text]m sprint for bunched, medium, and elongated starting positions. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) ([Formula: see text]) with repeated measures was performed to determine the difference in kinematics in the three crouched starting positions. The LSD comparison was applied to examine differences among pairs of means. Our results indicated that the medium starting position demonstrated a greater first step length and foot linear velocity when compared to the bunched starting position. In the first step toe-off, a lower COM vertical velocity was observed in the medium starting position when compared with the elongated starting position. This study concluded that the medium starting position was the ideal starting position.

The abnormal assembly of misfolded proteins into neurotoxic aggregates is the hallmark associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we establish a photocontrollable platform to trigger amyloidogenesis to recapitulate the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by applying a chemically engineered probe as a "switch" in live cells. This probe is composed of an amyloidogenic peptide from TDP-43, a photolabile linker, a polycationic sequence both to mask amyloidogenicity and for cell penetration, and a fluorophore for visualization. The photocontrollable probe can self-assemble into a spherical vesicle but rapidly develops massive nanofibrils with amyloid properties upon photoactivation. The photoinduced in vitro fibrillization process is characterized by biophysical techniques. In cellular experiments, this cell-penetrable vesicle was retained in the cytoplasm, seeded the mislocalized endogenous TDP-43 into aggregates upon irradiation, and consequently initiated apoptosis. In addition, this photocontrollable vesicle interfered with nucleocytoplasmic protein transport and triggered cortical neuron degeneration. Our developed strategy provides in vitro and in vivo spatiotemporal control of neurotoxic fibrillar aggregate formation, which can be readily applied in the studies of protein misfolding, aggregation-induced protein mislocalization, and amyloid-induced pathogenesis in different diseases.

GaN-based resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs) have been fabricated on Si substrates with a current confinement by hydrogen (H) implantation. In order to ascertain the optimum implantation concentration for the current confinement layer of RCLEDs, the effects of implantation concentration (as-grown, 10 13 , 10 14 and 10 15 ions cm −2 ) on the characteristics of a p-GaN cladding layer were investigated in terms of Hall measurements, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and x-ray (XRD) diffraction. The properties of PL, XRD and contact resistance of the epi-LED wafers with different implantation concentrations were also analyzed. An optimum H-implantation concentration of 10 14 ions cm −2 has been determined based on the current confinement performance. Under this condition, the 10 14 ions cm −2 implanted RCLED sample shows the higher electroluminescence intensity than that of the SiO 2 -insulated RCLED one. Furthermore, the light emission pattern of the 10 14 ions cm −2 implanted RCLED also shows a superior directionality. The improved results could be attributed to the better current and photon confinements laterally in the light aperture.