The aim of the study was to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of microbial flora of dental cavities (DCs) after traditional and alternative preparation, including different methods of isolating the working field. Material and Methods: Our study included 60 patients (mean age of 25.0±3.1 years) with DC Class 1 (Black's classification) without concomitant somatic pathology. To accomplish the study’s aim, 60 teeth were prepared. The main group (MG) consisted of 45 teeth prepared under absolute isolation with a rubber dam (RD). In the MG, 15 teeth were treated traditionally with a diamond bur with red and yellow markings (MG-1), 15 teeth were treated by ultrasound with a diamond tip (MG-2), and 15 teeth underwent hydrokinetic preparation (MG-3) with the Aquacut device (Velopex). In the comparison group (CG), which included 15 teeth, DCs were treated traditionally with a dental bur without the RD. The MG and CG were comparable in terms of the initial state of dental and microbiological status. The study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the DC microflora showed that all DCs contained pathogenic β-hemolytic streptococcus in the CG. At the same time, the maximum number of cases (80%) was moderately contaminated.. MG-1 and MG-2, as in the CG, were characterized by the predominance of β-hemolytic streptococcus at the bottom of the treated cavity. At the same time, the incidence of moderate contamination decreased by 4 times and single contamination increased in the cultures to 80%, compared to the CG (P=0.001). In MG-3, β-hemolytic streptococcus also dominated in the bottom of DCs after RD setting. The number of colonies was single (66.7% of cases) and moderate (33.3% of cases), indicating a significant increase in single and a decrease in moderate infestation, compared to the CG (P<0.01). Analysis of the quantitative characteristics of the microbial composition of the cavity floor after preparation of fissure caries showed the highest bacterial contamination in CG: β-hemolytic streptococcus predominated, averaging 251.20±2.5CFU/tampon. Lactobacillus and Neisseria spp. were detected much less frequently (3.16±1.6 and 1.99±1.3 CFU/tampon, respectively). There was a 10-fold decrease in the number of β-hemolytic hemolytic streptococcus cultures in MG-1 (25.12±2.0 CFU/tampon), MG-2 (25.12±2.0 CFU/tampon) and MG-3 (19.95±2.0 CFU/tampon), compared to the CG (P=0.000). The opportunistic microorganisms in the treatment of hard tissues by different methods (burr, ultrasound, hydrokinetic) under absolute isolation conditions were identified in almost equal numbers, with the Lactobacillus contamination being significantly lower in MG-1, MG-2, and MG-3 than in the CG (P<0.01). Conclusion: After the preparation of DCs, a single presence of opportunistic microorganisms, moderate or single contamination with pathogenic bacteria, and absence of anaerobic bacteria were noted. Absolute isolation with RD provides a reduction of microbial infection regardless of the preparation method, and the maximum positive effect is DC preparation with dental burr and ultrasound.

Relevance. Mouthwashes occupy a special place among the oral hygiene products range for their wide prevalence and high effectiveness. At the same time, their unreasonable use can lead to an oral microbial imbalance for the pronounced antimicrobial activity of the mouthwashes.Aim. To evaluate the effect of mouthwashes with various preservative systems on the normal oral microbiota quantity and to assess the possible risk of dysbiotic changes if used regularly for prevention purposes.Material and methods. The study examined the antimicrobial properties of nine experimental samples of mouth-washes developed for home oral care. The study included 110 healthy volunteers and collected 2 ml of unstimulated saliva from the subjects before toothbrushing and 5, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after rinsing with a test product for 1.5-2 minutes. The microbiological laboratory plated saliva samples and counted the number of colony-forming units. The results were statistically processed.Results. The analysis of the average microbiota levels for all the products at various time points revealed that the number of viable bacteria in the oral cavity decreased by no more than 1.5 orders of magnitude, except for 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. This decrease is short-term, and for most mouthwashes, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of colony-forming units in 60-180 minutes compared to the baseline.Conclusion. All the tested samples of mouthwashes do not significantly affect the microbiota and, consequently, can be recommended for daily home oral care practice.

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Background: The aim of this research was to determine the functional state of regional blood flow in young people with varying degrees of anatomical and functional disorders of periodontal tissues. Methods and Results: One hundred and thirty-five young patients with varying degrees of anatomical and functional disorders of periodontal tissues (AFDP) and 52 controls with intact periodontium were examined. All patients with AFDP were divided into three groups: Group 1 included 33 patients in the compensation stage (low degree of periodontal risk, intact periodontium, no clinical symptoms, pale pink gums, no bleeding on probing, dentogingival attachment is not disturbed); Group 2 included 38 patients in the sub-compensation stage (average degree of periodontal risk, disorders of the mucogingival complex, without clinical symptoms); and 64 patients in the decompensation stage (high degree of periodontal risk, disorders of the mucogingival complex, the presence of clinical symptoms, individual or combined signs of periodontal pathology, gingival recession (Class I and II according to Miller's classification). We studied the regional blood flow of periodontal tissues, which was assessed by an ultrasound Doppler graph in a non-invasive way. The parameters of linear (PSV, peak systolic velocity) and volumetric (Qs, maximum systolic volume velocity) velocities of blood flow, as well as the parameters of the wall vascularization (PI, pulsation index; RI, resistance index). Results: The PSV increased statistically significantly with a load compared to rest in the control and sub-compensation groups and decreased in the decompensation group with a load, compared to the rest condition. The PSV increased relative to the control in the subcompensation and decompensation groups in rest and under load. The Qs indicator showed a similar trend in the groups. Qs significantly increased under load, compared to the rest condition in the control, compensation, and subcompensation groups, and decreased in the decompensation group. The Qs values, in comparison with the control, increased in the subcompensation and decompensation groups in the rest condition and under load. The PI increased with the load relative to the rest condition in the control, compensation, and decompensation group. At the same time, PI decreased under the load, compared to the rest condition, in the subcompensation group. In comparison with the control, the PI values decreased in the subcompensation and decompensation groups in the rest condition and under load. The RI significantly changed only in the subcompensation group under load, compared to the rest condition. Only RI values decreased significantly in the subcompensation group under load, compared to the control. Conclusion: The use of Doppler ultrasonography in assessing the state of regional blood flow of periodontal tissues is a highly informative and non-invasive method. The velocity characteristics (linear and volumetric velocities) of blood flow are important diagnostic indicators, allowing the most rapid and reliable assessment of the degree of anatomical and functional disorders of periodontal tissues.

Subject. The high prevalence of oral mucosal leukoplakia, its often recurrent course and the possibility of malignancy makes the problem of finding effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology urgent. Many methods of acting lesions have been proposed, but individual studies cannot demonstrate evidence of the advantages of one treatment method over another. Objectives. On the basis of modern literature to determine effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of various forms of leukoplakia. Methodology. The information bases are analyzed: PubMed, Elibrary, GoogleScholar, Medline, Cyberleninka. Combinations of keywords were used for the search. Results. 593 articles were found according to the declared keywords. The number of articles remaining after applying the exclusion criteria is 58, after analyzing the annotations for compliance with the content of the stated review topic – 24. Analyzing the literature sources, it was determined that the diagnosis of the disease is carried out using clinical and histological studies. Elimination of the lesion with a laser occurs with a minimum of side effects, unlike traditional surgical treatment; recurrence of the disease occurs regardless of the chosen treatment method and is associated with the area of the lesion, its location and the presence of bad habits in patients; the most effective methods are argonoplasmic coagulation, erbium laser radiation and diode laser, allowing to achieve complete epithelialization in 7 days; also worthy alternative methods of treatment of oral leukoplakia are cryosurgery and photodynamic therapy. Conclusions. In order to diagnose of oral mucosal leukoplakia, a clinical study with histological verification of the diagnosis is used. Conservative methods of treatment of oral leukoplakia are not always effective, especially with erosive and verrucose forms. In such a situation, a dentist is forced to resort to surgical excision of foci to prevent further development of the disease and transformation into a malignant neoplasm. Traditional methods of surgical treatment are gradually being replaced by more modern effective methods that allow obtaining an aesthetic result with a favorable course of the postoperative period.