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Relevance. The issue of quality endodontic treatment of teeth with complicated caries is still known as requiring thoughtful research. A significant percentage of periodontitis occurs in the area of furcations of multi-rooted teeth, sometimes alone, but more often as combined with apical periodontitis. Among the number of unsolved tasks, there is question about furcation areas and in particularly their antiseptic treatment and obturation in the complex treatment of chronic apical periodontitis of multi-rooted teeth. Aim: to investigate the histo-morphological features of the furcation area of the first, second molars of the upper and lower jaws and, according to the results of the experimental study, to develop a scheme of complex treatment of chronic apical periodontitis of multi-rooted teeth. Materials and methods. Ten first and second molars of both jaws not affected by fluorosis and removed according to orthodontic or surgical indications in patients aged from 25 to 50 years, were used for this study. In the first stage, transverse and longitudinal sections of the molars were made using diamond-coated separation disks. Using an orthopaedic tip, the first half of the molars were cut longitudinally in the mesio-distal direction with separation disks, under water cooling. The other half of the molars were cut transversely along the neck of the tooth and histochemically stained. In the second stage of the study, we used the experimental application of photodynamic therapy for antiseptic treatment of furcation channels and sealing them with citrate buffer. For this purpose, the next two first and two second mandibular molars were selected, respectively dissected in two planes. Samples were fixed in a vertical position; cotton rolls soaked with 2% methylene blue were placed onto the bottom of each half for 30 s., 1 min., 5 min., and 24 h. In this study we used light binocular stereoscopic microscope MBS-9; histochemical dyes: CHIC-thionine, ammonia silver solution "Argentat", reducing agent (hydroquinone), methylene blue, device "UFL - 122" company "Lux Dent", citrate buffer solution and white clay. The results were recorded with a digital camera mounted on a microscope tube. Results and discussion. The results of histochemical examination of ten molars showed the presence of furcation channels in four teeth. Two samples were stained with CHIC-thionine, the others were stained with two-component "Argenate". The selected samples were dissected in the sagittal plane through the area of localization of the furcation channels and studied under the microscope (magnification: 8x32). In teeth dissected in the transverse plane, the crown and mouth pulp were instrumentally removed without dilation of the root canals and stained accordingly. Thus, when modelling the stage of photodynamic treatment using a 2% solution of methylene blue, there is a significant filling of furcation channels and root canals along their entire length. The photosensitizer 2% methylene blue at the exposure of 30s demonstrates the highest efficiency at the minimum staining of surrounding fabrics. The microscopy was performed to confirm the ability of the photosensitizer to penetrate into the furcation channels at х8 – х32 magnification. After the experimental filling of furcation channels and root canals, we can see clear white stripes along their entire length on the dentin surface of the longitudinal section of the root; these stripes are obliquely directed towards the canal surface and consist of numerous dentinal tubules impregnated with citrate buffer. Numerous thin white lines are clearly visible on the surface of the section that run in parallel, tangentially through almost the entire thickness of the root wall and end up their course in the area around the peripulpal dentin. This indicates the formation of calcium citrate in the root canal that tightly covers its entire surface impregnating the dentinal tubules and completely fills them along their entire length. Therefore, the experimental model of using 2% methylene blue photosensitizer at a 30 s. exposure for photodynamic therapy and citrate buffer for obturating furcation and root canals can be applied in the treatment of patients with chronic apical periodontitis and lesions of the furcation area. Conclusions. Thus, morphological studies of the first and second molars of both jaws have shown the presence of furcation channels, which anatomical structure is quite complex and demanding in terms of their antiseptic treatment and filling. Therefore, we developed new effective for disinfection and obturation techniques including applying photodynamic therapy for disinfection of furcation channels and citrate buffer for their obturation.

The determining characteristic for understanding the student's educational activity is independence. Understanding the problem of autonomy of students in the educational process is the basis of a responsible attitude to the professional training of future specialists. Reforming higher education causes an increase in interest in finding ofthe effective pedagogical conditions for the formation of students' autonomy which is capable of mastering the content of educational material qualitatively, intentionally planning self-development of intellectual, moral and physical abilities. The introduction of a credit-module training system makes the student's individual work more organized, since each practical lesson is conducted as a micro-module and each student is under the systematic control of the teacher. The results of current and modular control give fora teacher the opportunity to receive prompt educational and didactic measures that will improve the quality of students'at the department of therapeutic dentistry training  aimed for further independent work and develop autonomy in obtaining new knowledge. According to A. Furman, the development of skills of independent work in the conditions of a credit-module system promotes the use in the educational process of problem-modular lectures of three types: scientific information, scientific-designed and ideological-reflexive.Problem-modular lectures are known as an organized communication between a lecturer and an audience, in which there is a coordinated decision to a scientific problem, realization of business, informational and psychological exchange of knowledge, skills and values between students and the teacher.In the scientistsopinion all this is a kind of motivation of educational activityand the basis of interaction development. Other forms of organization of the educational process can be significant for the development of students' organization of educational process: seminars, scientific conferences, disputes, etc. Participation of students is a real opportunity not only to acquire new knowledge and skills, expand experience, but also to determine the level of competence on certain issues, express their own vision and simply to establish themselves in their own self-sufficiency. We determined the independence of students based on the communicative principle proposed by A. Schukin. Communicativeness is manifested by communicatively-motivated behavior of the teacher and student in the course of educational activity, as well as in the objectivity of the communication process which is expressed in the careful selection of linguistic intentions  and thus communication situations that reflect the practical interests and needs of students. Communicativeness is necessary item for a successful and active work with pedagogical information. Such information is aimed at educating and students. Therefore, the teacher's ability to express their opinion is correct, clear and understandable way and this is a guarantee of success in their work. Thus, it is possible to make moreinteresting even the most difficult topic of the class. The process of the study isto create a sincere atmosphere of communication in the audience, establish contact with students, achieve mutual understanding and form a sense of confidence in the student. Verbal assessment of the academic activity of students by the teacher plays a great significance which is one of the most operational forms of evaluation.It is necessary to use various, systematic assessments that should be based on the ideas ofeducative humanization and should also be a point that involves people's attitudes toward each other. Such assessments should include an analysis of learning activities rather than criticism of the student's personality. The above-mentioned conditions for the development of independence in the conditions of a credit-module system together with pedagogical means, forms and methods of teaching provide a developing personality function during educational activities.

At present, one of the main features of modern society is its development on the basis of innovations, therefore the purpose of this publication is an attempt to characterize the means, forms and various methods of innovative students’ teaching in higher medical institutions of Ukraine, to reveal the specifics of their use in an interactive environment. Modern methods of teaching profiled disciplines among graduates of higher educational institutions are a constant source of observation of foreign and Ukrainian scholars, as many students from near and far abroad are currently receiving education in Ukraine. To ensure the fulfillment of this task there are such documents as a State National Program "Education (Ukraine XXI Century)", the National Doctrine of Education Development (2002), the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" adopted in 2014, and the draft Concept for the Development of Education Ukraine for the period 2015-2025 and the draft Strategy for the reform of higher education in Ukraine until 2020 [1]. These documents provide a significant reform of the educational process in order to form a creative professional with a deep knowledge of teaching discipline, strong skills and abilities through the "training of applicants for higher education with modern scientific knowledge using the latest educational and information technologies." Thus, the introduction of modern innovative technologies into the educational process of universities is necessary, first of all, this is connected with the necessity of improving the teaching process, the degradation of the existing traditional educational process, and radical transformations and complex modifications. In time, pedagogy applies a large number of different innovative teaching methods that direct students to the qualitative learning of knowledge, and the development of their intellectual activities, the formation of skills and critical thinking skills, the ability to independently process information, acquire qualities that will be useful in future professional life.