Objectives: We aimed to construct an induction system for polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), as well as to investigate PGCC features and clinical significance.Methods: A laryngeal neoplasm-PGCC induction system was constructed using paclitaxel liposomes (PTX). We used western blots to compare expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins, stem cell interrelated proteins, and cyclin-associated proteins. We then measured PGCC count in tissue samples of patients with laryngeal neoplasms and analyzed its relationship with prognosis. Statistical significance was determined using t-tests.Results: PTX successfully induced PGCCs. Western blotting showed that CyclinB1, CDC25C, CDK1, E-cadherin, and EIF-4A expression decreased in PGCCs compared with normal cancer cells, whereas vimentin and CD133 expression increased. Number of PGCCs in laryngeal cancer tissues and overall survival time were inversely correlated (P < .05).Conclusions: PTX successfully induces PGCC formation in laryngeal carcinoma, which may be the cause of poor prognosis in patients with laryngeal cancer.

Background Hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC) is associated with a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Immune escape is one of the reasons for the poor prognosis of malignant tumors. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have been shown to play important roles in immune escape. However, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in HPC remains unclear. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of exosomes from HPC patient serum on CD8+ T cell function and PD-1/PD-L1 expression and, thus, on prognosis. We hope to provide guidance for the identification of new targets for HPC immunotherapy. Methods PD-1 and CD8 expression in 71 HPC tissues and 16 paracarcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Concurrently, the clinicopathological data of the patients were obtained to conduct correlation analysis. Exosomes were isolated from serum and then identified by Western blotting (WB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Flow cytometry was used to assess the activity of CD8+ T cells after exosome stimulation. The effects of exosomes on the ability of CD8+ T cells to kill FaDu cells were assessed by CCK-8 assay. The expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PD-L1 expression in HPC tissue samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and prognosis was investigated with patient specimens. Results PD-1 expression was significantly upregulated on CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues compared with those in normal tissues. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of PD-1-overexpressing patients were decreased. Serum exosomes from patients can elevate PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells and suppress their killing capacity and secretory function. The rate of positive PD-L1 expression was increased in HPC tissues compared with paracancerous tissues. The DFS and OS of the PD-1(+)-PD-L1(+) group were significantly lower than those of the PD-1(−)-PD-L1(−) group. Conclusion Our findings indicate that serum exosomes from HPC patients can inhibit CD8+ T cell function and that the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway plays an important role in the immune escape of HPC. Exosomes combined with immunotherapy may guide the treatment of patients with advanced disease in the future.

Objectives. Members of the SOX family's subgroup C include SOX4, whose high expression has been linked to carcinogenesis and the development of cancer. However, it is still unclear exactly how SOX4 functions in hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HPC). Our research's objective was to discover how SOX4 affected HPC's development, migration, and prognosis. Methods. The expression levels of SOX4 and Ki-67 in tissues were examined by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) to analyze their relationship with prognosis in this study. Changes in SOX4 gene transcript levels and protein expression levels in HPC cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell biology and molecular assays, as well as in vivo nude mice cancer experiments, were used to evaluate the effects of SOX4 on the viability, proliferation, and migration of Fadu cells in vitro and in vivo. Results. In HPC samples, SOX4 was considerably overexpressed, and our investigation demonstrated that this overexpression was connected with differentiation (P = 0.002), clinical stage (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), tumor size (P = 0.006) and poor survival (P = 0.012). Moreover, knockdown of SOX4 can inhibit the proliferation, reduce their migration, and promote the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in HPC cells. SOX4 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo experiments. Conclusions. These findings collectively show that SOX4 promotes HPC migration and progression both in vitro and in vivo, and may be a prognostic marker for HPC patients.