The communication between organs participates in the regulation of body homeostasis under physiological conditions and the progression and adaptation of diseases under pathological conditions. The communication between the liver and the eyes has been received more and more attention. In this review, we summarized some molecular mediators that can reflect the relationship between the liver and the eye, and then extended the metabolic relationship between the liver and the eye. We also summarized some typical diseases and phenotypes that have been able to reflect the liver-eye connection in the clinic, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The close connection between the liver and the eye is reflected through multiple pathways such as metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, we presented the connection between the liver and the eye in traditional Chinese medicine, and introduced the fact that artificial intelligence may use the close connection between the liver and the eye to help us solve some practical clinical problems. Paying attention to liver-eye communication will help us have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of certain communication between liver diseases and eyes, and provide new ideas for their potential therapeutic strategy.

Background and Objective: Although growing evidence indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is related to diabetic retinopathy (DR), research results significantly vary. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the onset of DR.Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched until 7 November 2021. Combined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association.Results: We identified 18 studies involving 12,757 patients. The pooled effect assessment showed that liver fibrosis was positively correlated with DR (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.30–2.20; p < 0.0001); non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was not associated with the risk of DR (OR = 1.15, 95%CI 0.75-1.76; p = 0.51); non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was positively correlated with DR in patients with type 1 diabetes (OR = 2.96, 95%CI 1.48–5.94; p = 0.002). In patients with type 2 diabetes, there was no association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and DR (OR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.59–1.43; p = 0.70). Subgroup analysis showed no correlation in both Asian and Caucasian races.Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between liver fibrosis and DR. This suggests that the ocular examination of DR could be helpful in predicting whether patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease would progress to liver fibrosis.

We propose a high-performance yet low-complexity hierarchical frequency synchronization scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) aided distributed massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, where multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) have to be estimated in the uplink. To solve this multi-CFO estimation problem efficiently, we classify the active antenna units (AAUs) as the master and the slaves. Then, we split the scheme into two stages. During the first stage the distributed slave AAUs are synchronized with the master AAU, while the user equipment (UE) is synchronized with the closest slave AAU during the second stage. The mean square error (MSE) performance of our scheme is better than that of the representative state-of-the-art baseline schemes, while its computational complexity is substantially lower.