The peridynamic (PD) theory is based on nonlocal mechanics and employs particle discretization in its computational domain, making it advantageous for simulating cracks. Consequently, PD has been applied to simulate ice damage and ice–structure interaction under various conditions. However, the calculation efficiency of PD, similar to other meshless methods, is constrained by the number of particles and the inherent limitations of the method itself. These constraints hinder its potential for further development in the field of ice−structure interaction. This study aims to explore the computational efficiency of various methods that can be employed to improve the computational cost of PD in ice–structure interactions. Specifically, we analyze the computational efficiency of three different methods (the MPI parallelization, the updated link−list search method, and the particle−pair method) and their collaborative calculation efficiency to reduce simulation time. These methods are employed to calculate ice–ship interaction, and their coupled efficiency is studied. Furthermore, this study discusses the computation strategy to improve efficiency on using the PD method to calculate ice–structure interaction. The present work provides scholars who employ PD to calculate ice–structure interaction or ice damage with a referential discussion plan to achieve an efficient numerical computation process.

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To study the influence of oblique flow on propeller fluctuation pressure characteristic of a four-screw ship, the wake field and self-propulsion performance are calculated and analyzed utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The characteristics of the wake field and propeller fluctuation pressure under different drift angle consist of 0{degree sign}, {plus minus}10{degree sign} and {plus minus}20{degree sign} are compared and discussed in detail. The results show that the negative drift angle affected the wake field of inside propeller more severely due to the generation of bilge vortex. The mean values of inside propeller fluctuation pressure are about 30% larger than those of outside one, while the amplitudes of fluctuation pressure are reversed. The mean values of propeller fluctuation pressure experience a gradual decrease within β=-20º to β=20º with exception of inside propeller at β=-20º condition. The fluctuation amplitude of outside propeller is more affected by oblique flow due to the effect of oblique flow on flow separation point.