In the past three decades or so, steady progress has been made to the tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts, however, the improvements in TC intensity forecasts have been slow (DeMaria et al., 2014;Emanuel, 2018). The TC intensity forecasts remain challenging because TC intensity change is controlled by both internal and external factors/processes and their multiscale interactions, many of which are not fully understood, such as the boundary layer process, air-sea exchange, and ocean eddies (Emanuel, 2018;Wang and Wu, 2004). One key internal factor that has been known to significantly affect the subsequent TC intensity change is the wind profiles in both the radial (e.g., Rotunno & Emanuel, 1987;Xu and Wang, 2018b) and vertical directions (Peng & Fang, 2021) of the initial TC vortex. It has been shown consistently in observations, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses that the initial vortex with either a smaller inner-core size, that is, the radius of maximum wind (RMW), or a faster radial decay of tangential wind outside the RMW tends to have a shorter initial spinup period and a larger subsequent intensification rate (e.g.

The link between changes in tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and the radius of maximum wind (RMW) has been an active topic of research on TC dynamics. Based on the balanced vortex dynamics (Eliassen, 1951), diabatic heating in the eyewall tends to yield a tangential wind tendency that is maximized inside the RMW, facilitating the contraction of the RMW (Shapiro & Willoughby, 1982). As a result, conceptually, TC intensification is generally believed to be coincident with RMW contraction (e.g.

Sea spray droplets are abundantly generated by wave breaking under high near-surface wind conditions, such as in the boundary layer of tropical cyclones (TCs) (