Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. However, a credible and reasonable animal model that is capable of imitating the pathologic mechanism of depression in mankind has yet to be found, resulting in a barrier to further investigation of depression. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain the pathologic mechanism of depression to a great extent by a rational modeling method and behavioral testing. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of some common animal depression models.

The recurrence of colorectal polyps is caused by various factors and leads to the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer, which ranks third in incidence and fourth in mortality among cancers worldwide. The potential risk factors for colorectal polyp recurrence have been demonstrated in multiple trials. However, an article that pools and summarizes the various results is needed. This review enumerates and analyzes some risk factors in terms of patient characteristics, procedural operations, polyp characteristics, and dietary aspects to propose some effective prophylactic measures. This review aimed to provide a reference for clinical application and guide patients to prevent colorectal polyp recurrence in a more effective manner.

Background: It was gradually accepted that endoscopic fragment biopsy (EFB) diagnosis cannot accurately guarantee the absence of higher-grade neoplasms within the lesion of digestive tract. There are no well-established predictors for histopathologically upgrade discrepancies between EFB diagnosing colorectal low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) and endoscopic resection (ER) specimens demonstrating higher-grade diseases. Methods: A total of 918 colorectal LGINs was histopathologically diagnosed by EFB, including 162 cases with histopathologically upgrade discrepancy and 756 concordant cases. We compared clinicopathological data and relevant pathologic results of EFB and ER specimen between these two groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate predictors for this upgrade histopathology. Results: The predominant upgrade discrepancy of LGINs diagnosed by EFB was upgrades to high-grade dysplasia (n = 114, 70.4%), followed by upgrades to intramucosal carcinoma (n = 33, 20.3%), submucosal adenocarcinoma (n = 10, 6.2%) and advanced adenocarcinoma (n = 5, 3.1%). NSAID history (OR 4.83; 95 % CI, 2.27-10.27; P < 0.001), lack of standardization of EFB number (OR 2.99; 95 % CI, 1.91-4.68; P < 0.001), ≥ 1.0 cm maximum diameter of the target adenoma (OR 6.18; 95% CI, 1.32-28.99; P = 0.021), lobulated shape (OR 2.68; 95 % CI, 1.65-4.36; P < 0.001), erythema (OR 2.42; 95 % CI, 1.50-3.91; P < 0.001), erosion (OR 7.12; 95 % CI, 3.91-12.94; P < 0.001), surface unevenness (OR 2.31; 95 % CI, 1.33-4.01; P = 0.003) and distal location of the target adenoma (OR 3.29; 95% CI, 1.68-6.41; P < 0.001) were associated with the histologically upgrade discrepancies. Conclusion: NSAID history, lack of standardization of EFB number, adenoma size and location, abnormal macroscopic patterns are significant predictors for potentially upgrade histopathology of LGINs diagnosed by EFBs. The standardization of EFB and advanced imaging techniques could minimize the risk of neglecting potential this upgrade histopathology.

Background. It was gradually accepted that endoscopic fragment biopsy (EFB) diagnosis cannot accurately guarantee the absence of higher-grade neoplasms within the lesion of the digestive tract. There are no well-established predictors for histopathologically upgrade discrepancies between EFB diagnosing colorectal low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) and endoscopic resection (ER) specimens. Methods. A total of 918 colorectal LGINs was histopathologically diagnosed by EFB, including 162 cases with upgrade discrepancy and 756 concordant cases. We compared clinicopathological data of EFB and ER specimens between these two groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors for this upgrade histopathology. Results. The predominant upgrade discrepancy of LGINs diagnosed by EFB was upgrades to high-grade dysplasia (114/918, 12.4%), followed by upgrades to intramucosal carcinoma (33/918, 3.6%), submucosal adenocarcinoma (10/918, 1.1%), and advanced adenocarcinoma (5/918, 0.5%). NSAID history (OR 4.83; 95% CI, 2.27-10.27; p < 0.001 ), insufficient EFB number (OR 2.99; 95% CI, 1.91-4.68; p < 0.001 ), maximum diameter ≥ 1.0  cm (OR 6.18; 95% CI, 1.32-28.99; p = 0.021 ), lobulated shape (OR 2.68; 95% CI, 1.65-4.36; p < 0.001 ), erythema (OR 2.42; 95% CI, 1.50-3.91; p < 0.001 ), erosion (OR 7.12; 95% CI, 3.91-12.94; p < 0.001 ), surface unevenness (OR 2.31; 95% CI, 1.33-4.01; p = 0.003 ), and distal location of the target adenoma (OR 3.29; 95% CI, 1.68-6.41; p < 0.001 ) were associated with the histologically upgrade discrepancies. Conclusion. NSAID history, insufficient EFB number, adenoma size and location, and abnormal macroscopic patterns are potential predictors for upgrade histopathology of LGINs diagnosed by EFBs. The standardization of EFB number and advanced imaging techniques could minimize the risk of neglecting the potential of this upgrade histopathology.