The far-reaching impacts of central Pacific El Niño events on global climate differ appreciably from those associated with eastern Pacific El Niño events. Central Pacific El Niño events may become more frequent in coming decades as atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations rise, but the instrumental record of central Pacific sea-surface temperatures is too short to detect potential trends. Here we present an annually resolved reconstruction of NIÑO4 sea-surface temperature, located in the central equatorial Pacific, based on oxygen isotopic time series from Taiwan tree cellulose that span from 1190 AD to 2007 AD. Our reconstruction indicates that relatively warm Niño4 sea-surface temperature values over the late twentieth century are accompanied by higher levels of interannual variability than observed in other intervals of the 818-year-long reconstruction. Our results imply that anthropogenic greenhouse forcing may be driving an increase in central Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation variability and/or its hydrological impacts, consistent with recent modelling studies.

Targeting CD47 is in the spotlight of cancer immunotherapy. Blocking CD47 triggers the recognition and elimination of cancer cells by the innate immunity. There are three CD47 antagonists in phase I clinical trials, but their potential efficacies are highly controversial. We raise our concern that NOD-based xenograft hosts tend to overestimate, while syngeneic mouse models could substantially underestimate the efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy. Such discrepancy may be resulted from specific reagent that alters CD47 clustering, and the highly variable avidities of interspecies and intraspecies CD47-SIRPα interaction. This problem can be addressed by alternative animal models for better recapitulation of human CD47-SIRPα interaction. Both fragment crystallizable (Fc) fragment-dependent effects, like antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and Fc-independent CD47 intrinsic functions are involved in anti-CD47 therapy.The latter may be SIRPα-dependent or SIRPα-independent, such as the case of calreticulin. It has not reached a consensus which of the factors predominate the process, but the answer to this question will determine the optimal pharmaceutical and clinical design of CD47 targeting strategies.

The Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) affects ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security of billions of people. In recent decades, ASM strength (as represented by precipitation) has been decreasing, but instrumental measurements span only a short period of time. The initiation and the dynamics of the recent trend are unclear. Here for the first time, we use an ensemble of 10 tree ring‐width chronologies from the west‐central margin of ASM to reconstruct detail of ASM variability back to 1566 CE. The reconstruction captures weak/strong ASM events and also reflects major locust plagues. Notably, we found an unprecedented 80‐year trend of decreasing ASM strength within the context of the 448‐year reconstruction, which is contrary to what is expected from greenhouse warming. Our coupled climate model shows that increasing anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions over the Northern Hemisphere could be the dominant factor contributing to the ASM decrease.