BackgroundHazel (Corylus spp.) exhibits ovary differentiation and development that is initiated from the ovary primordium after pollination, conferring the plant with a unique delayed fertilization. Failure of development of the ovary and ovule after pollination can lead to ovary abortion and blank fruit formation, respectively, with consequent yield loss. However, the genes involved in ovary and ovule differentiation and development are largely unknown.ResultsIn unpollinated pistillate inflorescences (stage F), the stigma shows an extension growth pattern. After pollination, a rudimentary ovary begins to form (stage S), followed by ovule differentiation (stage T) and growth (stage FO). Total RNA was obtained from pistillate inflorescences or young ovaries at stage F, S, T and FO, and sequencing was carried out on a HiSeq 4000 system. De novo assembly of sequencing data yielded 62.58 Gb of nucleotides and 90,726 unigenes; 5524, 3468, and 8714 differentially expressed transcripts were identified in F-vs-S, S-vs-T, and T-vs-FO paired comparisons, respectively. An analysis of F-vs-S, S-vs-T, and T-vs-FO paired comparisons based on annotations in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed six pathways that were significantly enriched during ovary differentiation, including ko04075 (Plant hormone signal transduction). Auxin level increased after pollination, and an immunohistochemical analysis indicated that auxin was enriched at the growth center of pistillate inflorescences and young ovaries. These results indicate that genes related to auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling, the floral quartet model, and flower development may regulate ovary and ovule differentiation and development in hazel.ConclusionsOur findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of ovary differentiation and development after pollination in this economically valuable plant.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1296-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundAlternative polyadenylation (APA) is a pervasive posttranscriptional mechanism regulating gene expression. However, the specific dysregulation of APA events and its potential biological or clinical significance in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear.MethodsHere, we collected RNA-Seq data from two independent datasets: GSE40419 (n = 146) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD (n = 542). The DaPars algorithm was employed to characterize the APA profiles in tumor and normal samples. Spearman correlation was used to assess the effects of APA regulators on 3′ UTR changes in tumors. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify clinically relevant APA events and regulators. We stratified 512 patients with LUAD in the TCGA cohort through consensus clustering based on the expression of APA factors.FindingsWe identified remarkably consistent alternative 3′ UTR isoforms between the two cohorts, most of which were shortened in LUAD. Our analyses further suggested that aberrant usage of proximal polyA sites resulted in escape from miRNA binding, thus increasing gene expression. Notably, we found that the 3′ UTR lengths of the mRNA transcriptome were correlated with the expression levels of APA factors. We further identified that CPSF2 and CPEB3 may serve as key regulators in both datasets. Finally, four LUAD subtypes according to different APA factor expression patterns displayed distinct clinical results and oncogenic features related to tumor microenvironment including immune, metabolic, and hypoxic status.InterpretationOur analyses characterize the APA profiles among patients with LUAD and identify two key regulators for APA events in LUAD, CPSF2 and CPEB3, which could serve as the potential prognostic genes in LUAD.

Raspberries (Rubus spp.) exhibit a unique rooting process that is initiated from the stem apex of primocane, conferring an unusual asexual mode of reproduction to this plant. However, the full complement of genes involved in this process has not been identified. To this end, the present study analyzed the transcriptomes of the Rubus primocane and floricane stem apex at three developmental stages by Digital Gene Expression profiling to identify genes that regulate rooting. Sequencing and de novo assembly yielded 26.82 Gb of nucleotides and 59,173 unigenes; 498, 7,346, 4,110, 7,900, 9,397, and 4,776 differently expressed genes were identified in paired comparisons of SAF1 (floricane at developmental stage 1) vs. SAP1 (primocane at developmental stage 1), SAF2 vs. SAP2, SAF3 vs. SAP3, SAP1 vs. SAP2, SAP1 vs. SAP3, and SAP2 vs. SAP3, respectively. SAP1 maintains an extension growth pattern; SAP2 then exhibits growth arrest and vertical (downward) gravitropic deflection; and finally, short roots begin to form on the apex of SAP3. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of SAP1 vs. SAP2 revealed 12 pathways that were activated in response to shoot growth arrest and root differentiation, including circadian rhythm—plant (ko04712) and plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075). Our results indicate that genes related to circadian rhythm, ethylene and auxin signaling, shoot growth, and root development are potentially involved in the regulation of primocane apex rooting in Rubus. These findings provide a basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of primocane apex rooting in this economically valuable crop.

With the popularity of mobile payment, there are more and more third-party payment platforms. People's payment methods are gradually separated from the traditional banking business and choose more convenient third-party payment platforms. As a result, these platforms pose a significant threat to banks, both business and capital. In addition, due to the unequal interests of both sides in the cooperation process, the willingness of banks to cooperate is also declining. The former cooperative relationship between the two has been transformed into a co-existence of cooperation and competition. Therefore, this paper chooses the third-party payment platform and bank as the research object. According to the benefits under different circumstances, three-game models are constructed for specific analysis. Through the analysis of the equilibrium solution, it is concluded that even though the third-party platform is in a dominant position, through continuous development and the constant game between the two sides, only cooperation can maximize the benefits and achieve a win-win situation.

Rubus idaeus has remarkable economic and cultural value. Developing efficient simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers is necessary for the molecular breeding of red raspberry. In this study, SSR mining was performed using the de novo transcriptome sequence of R. idaeus. In total, 14,210 SSR sequences were identified from 11,158 SSR-containing unigenes. In all the SSR sequences, mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide repeats were the most common, and their number and percentage were 1323 (9.31%), 6752 (47.52%), and 4897 (34.46%), respectively. Of the mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats, A/T, AG/CT, AT/AT, and AC/GT were more abundant and accounted for 9.09%, 37.82%, 6.51%, and 3.14% of the total repeat number, respectively. In the trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, pentanucleotide, and hexanucleotide repeats, the nucleotide (NT) patterns AAG/CTT, AAAG/CTTT, AAAAG/CTTTT, and AAGAGG/CCTCTT were the most frequent, and accounted for 14.11%, 0.38%, 0.57%, and 0.23% of the total SSRs, respectively. Of the 480 SSR-containing unigenes with gene ontology (GO) annotation, the classification results showed that they were mainly involved in binding, catalytic, and transporter molecular functions. Most of the 3441 SSR-containing unigenes with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation were involved in the following top five pathways: metabolic, RNA transport, spliceosome, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and mRNA surveillance. Thirty pairs of primers derived from the red raspberry transcriptome were randomly selected to assess their polymorphism by using 15 red raspberry germplasms, in which the polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.50 to 0.86, with a mean of 0.73, thereby indicating a high level of polymorphism. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering results indicated that the thirty pairs of primers could precisely distinguish the germplasms. This study reveals the SSR distribution characteristics of red raspberry and provides a scientific basis for further genetic diversity studies and genetic linkage map construction for this species.