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The study was investigated the functional properties of buffalo skin gelatine. Gelatine was extracted from swamp buffalo skin using crude acid protease from cow’s abomasum (CAPC) in concentration variation 0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5 U/mg. The temperature to hydrolysis included at 28 °C, 37°C and 40°C. The emulsion activity index (EAI), Emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE) and foaming stability (FS) were investigated. The interaction between CAPC concentration and hydrolysis temperature has a significant effect (P <0.05) on the emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE) and foaming stability (FS). The highest EAI was obtained in CAPC concentration of 5 U /mg, hydrolysis temperature of 40°C, which was 12.04 m2/g. The higher concentration of CAPC decreased the ESI. The hydrolysis temperature of 40°C produces higher FE than 28°C and 40°C. The highest FE is obtained at CAPC 5U/mg, 37°C hydrolysis temperature, which is 102.93%. The FS values range from 44.91-55.00%. This value is higher than commercial gelatin (bovine skin gelatin) which is 34.90%. The conclusion of this study is that buffalo skin gelatin with the best functional properties was obtained using CAPC 5 U/mg, the hydrolysis temperature of 40°C.

The research was aimed at determining spray drying conditions during the production of smoke particulate powder and its consequences on the physical properties of the product. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized factorial design. Samples were three solution of chitosan (CS)-maltodextrin (MD) based nanoparticles i.e. CS (0.5% w/v) and MD (9.5% w/v) in acetic acid (1.0% v/v) without liquid smoke (F1), only MD (10% w/v) in liquid smoke (F2) and a mixture of CS (1.5% w/v) and MD (8.5% w/v) in liquid smoke (F5). Each sample solution was prepared at 10% solid contents with addition of 1.0% sodium tripolyphosphate. The experimental factors were inlet air temperatures (T) of 130°C (T1) and 150°C (T2) and feed flow rate (L) of 2.4 mL/minute (L1) and 5.1 mL/minute (L2). The parameters evaluated included bulk density, yield, moisture content, water activity, morphology and particle size. Results showed that the average particle sizes decreased when the inlet air temperature increased. The bulk density, moisture content and water activity of powders tended to decrease with the increase of inlet air temperature. In contrast, the powder yield increased with increasing of inlet air temperature. Furthermore, characteristics of the powder particulates were spherical with smooth surfaces for all treatments but when the inlet air temperatures was high the particles has deeper surfacial grooving and shriveled, especially for sample F1.

Liquid smoke is impractical and easy to deteriorate, thus needs to be protected against deterioration. Spray drying technique is widely used to encapsule bioactive compounds. This study aims to determine the optimum encapsulant ratio and spray drying process to produce nanocapsule of liqud smoke. Nanocapsules production began with the mixing of encapsulant (chitosan and maltodextrin) and the liquid smoke and then agitated until dissolved. The solution of nanoparticles was heated in a water bath at 45°C for 5 minutes and homogenized using a homogenizer at 4000 rpm for 1 min. The nanoparticle solutions was spray dried at various temperatures and feed flow rates. Optimization is accomplished by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and the parameters to be optimized were chitosan concentration, inlet air temperature and feed flow rate of the spray dryer based on total phenolic content. Samples were analyzed for viscosity, pH, phenols staining, total phenolic, total carbonil, total acidity content, encapsulation efficiency, morphology profiles, and particle size distribution. The results showed that the nanoparticles solution of liquid smoke had a pH ranged between 2.55-2.64 total soluble solids ranged between . The total phenolic content of the nanocapsules ranged from 1.38 to 2.32% with an efficiency ranged from 22.25 to 37.44%, and water content ranged from 9.56 to 10.73% (dry basis). The optimum conditions for the highest value of total phenolic content were 0.12% chitosan concentration, 140.65°C inlet air temperature and feed flow rate at 5.29 mL/min. The results suggested that nanocapsules had spherical and wrinkle shape with an average size of nanocapsules of 29.16 nm. ABSTRAKAsap cair (umumnya) dianggap kurang praktis serta mudah mengalami kerusakan. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkan pembuatan tepung asap dengan metode nanoenkapsulasi. Teknik yang banyak digunakan untuk nanoenkapsulasi adalah teknik spray drying. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rasio enkapsulan terbaik dan proses spray drying yang optimal. Proses pembuatan nanokapsul diawali dengan mencampurkan enkapsulan (kitosan dan maltodekstrin) ke dalam asap cair, kemudian diaduk sampai larut lalu dihangatkan dalam penangas air pada suhu 45°C selama 5 menit. Setelah itu, dilakukan proses homogenisasi (kecepatan 4000 rpm, selama 1 menit) dan proses pengeringan dengan spray dryer pada berbagai suhu dan laju alir umpan. Optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Response Surface Methodology (RSM), serta parameter yang dioptimasi adalah konsentrasi kitosan, suhu inlet dan laju alir umpan spray dryer terhadap nilai respon total fenol nanokapsul. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah viskositas larutan, pH, pewarnaan fenol, kandungan fenol total, efisiensi enkapsulasi, profil morfologi SEM, dan distribusi ukuran partikel. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa larutan nanopartikel asap cair memiliki pH berkisar antara 2.55-2.64 dengan total padatan terlarut berkisar antara 14-14.8°Brix serta viskositas larutan nanopartikel berkisar antara 8. 70-14.90 centi...

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