Two new Melanoleuca species, Melanoleuca subgriseoflava and M. substridula, are originally reported and described in China based on both morphological and molecular methods. Melanoleuca subgriseoflava, collected in Liaoning province, is mainly characterized by its greyish-brown to yellowish-grey pileus, creamy to light orange lamellae, greyish-yellow context, round and warted basidiospores and fusiform hymenial cystidia. Melanoleuca substridula, discovered in Sichuan province, is mainly characterized by its light brown to dark brown pileus, whitish lamellae, light brown to greyish-brown stipe, round and warted basidiospores and lack of any forms of cystidia. The phylogenetic relationships as well as divergence-time estimation were analyzed using the combined data set (ITS-nrLSU-RPB2), and the results showed that the two Melanoleuca species formed two distinct lineages. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular data, M. subgriseoflava and M. substridula are confirmed as two new species to science. A theoretical basis is provided for the species diversity of Melanoleuca.

BackgroundGerhardtia and Ossicaulis are two genera within the family Lyophyllaceae, which show an apparently poor species diversity worldwide. During the field investigation on wild macrofungi, six interesting collections within Gerhardtia and Ossicaulis genera are discovered in the northeastern China.MethodsTo identify whether these collections of Gerhardtia and Ossicaulis are novel species, we performed phylogenetic analyzes using the following DNA regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU) region. Moreover, a traditional morphological method also be conducted based on both the macro-morphological and micro-morphological features.ResultsThe results indicated that these collections tested formed two independent lineages in each genus with a high support. In addition, they can easily be separated from all other taxa of the two genera in morphology. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular data, Gerhardtia tomentosa and Ossicaulis borealis, are confirmed as two new species to science.DiscussionsThis study provided a theoretical basis is for the two lyophylloid genera and indicated that the biodiversity resources of northeastern China might be underestimated.

Three species, Calocybe lilacea, C. longisterigma, and C. subochraceus, were newly discovered in Inner Mongolia, Hunan, and Liaoning provinces of China. Calocybe lilacea is mainly characterized by its small-sized basidiocarp, brownish-orange pileus, lilac gray to dull violet stipe, and noncellular epicutis. The main characteristics of C. longisterigma are its light brown to brownish-orange pileus, long sterigmata, and noncellular epicutis. The main morphological features of C. subochraceus are its small-sized basidiocarp, pale-orange pileus, adnexed lamellae, tortuous stipe, and noncellular epicutis. These morphological features confirmed that the three species of Calocybe all belonged to Sect. Carneoviolaceae. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset (ITS–nrLSU–RPB2) determined that the three species belong to the genus Calocybe and form a distinct lineage. The morphological differences between the three new species and other related species of Calocybe are also discussed.