Occupational identity is an individual’s view, recognition, and approval of his long-term occupation, and its importance to every professional is self-evident. Only when a professional person agrees with the profession he is engaged in from the bottom of his heart can he devote himself wholeheartedly to it and unreservedly exert his greatest potential. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the prevailing theoretical and empirical research results, this paper deliberates the empirical research on the influence mechanism between employees’ occupational identity and occupational well-being. In this study, through big data analysis, literature search, questionnaire survey, and other methods, this paper obtained the professional identity data of employees in different companies and used a method of big data analysis, namely, BP neural network (BPNN) to design in this paper to verify the data, and finally obtain an effective theoretical model of the influence mechanism of occupational identity and occupational well-being. The main work of this paper is as follows: (1) it introduces the interpretation of the concept of “professional identity” by different scholars at home and abroad and makes a brief review of the researches on professional identity and professional well-being made by foreign scholars in recent years. (2) The basic knowledge and algorithm process of artificial neural network (ANN) are introduced, and the design of the evaluation model of the influence mechanism of occupational identity on occupational well-being based on BPNN is proposed. (3) The simulation software validates the neural network (NN) assessment system developed in this paper. Experiments reveal that the BPNN system is a reasonable and feasible evaluation approach for analyzing the impact of occupational identity on occupational well-being.