In the present cases, nivolumab-induced thyrotoxicosis seemed to be associated with painless thyroiditis, while no patient with Graves' disease was observed. A transient and rapid course with subsequent hypothyroidism was observed in nivolumab-induced thyroiditis. In addition, it was verified that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are expressed in normal thyroid tissue. This suggests that nivolumab therapy reduces immune tolerance, even in normal thyroid tissue, and leads to the development of thyroiditis. Treating thyrotoxicosis with only supportive care and considering levothyroxine replacement therapy once subsequent hypothyroidism occurs is proposed. Further investigations are required to confirm whether glucocorticoid therapy and discontinuation of nivolumab therapy prevent subsequent hypothyroidism.

OSTN might suppress the worsening of CHF after MI by inhibiting clearance of NP family peptides.

No abstract

Highlights d OSTN from periosteum regulates endochondral and intramembranous ossification d OSTN enhances osteogenesis through potentiation of CNP signaling d FoxO1 suppresses periosteal expression of OSTN under unloading condition d OSTN is required for physiological load-induced bone gain