Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by inflammation and cartilage destruction, and its progression is closely related to imbalances in the M1/M2 synovial macrophages. A two‐pronged strategy for the regulation of intracellular/extracellular nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen protons for reprogramming M1/M2 synovial macrophages is proposed. The combination of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) siRNA and NO scavenger in “two‐in‐one” nanocarriers (NAHA‐CaP/siRNA nanoparticles) is developed for progressive OA therapy by scavenging NO and inhibiting CA9 expression in synovial macrophages. In vitro experiments demonstrate that these NPs can significantly scavenge intracellular NO similar to the levels as those in the normal group and downregulate the expression levels of CA9 mRNA (≈90%), thereby repolarizing the M1 macrophages into the M2 phenotype and increasing the expression levels of pro‐chondrogenic TGF‐β1 mRNA (≈1.3‐fold), and inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo experiments show that the NPs have great anti‐inflammation, cartilage protection and repair effects, thereby effectively alleviating OA progression in both monoiodoacetic acid‐induced early and late OA mouse models and a surgical destabilization of medial meniscus‐induced OA rat model. Therefore, the siCA9 and NO scavenger “two‐in‐one” delivery system is a potential and efficient strategy for progressive OA treatment.

In this paper, the kinetic process of extracting total protein from quinoa by AOT/ isooctane reverse micelles was systematically studied. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, particle size and oscillation rate on quinoa protein forward extraction rate were investigated respectively. Results showed that extraction of quinoa protein by AOT/ isooctane reverse micelles system was mainly controlled by internal diffusion, that is, the diffusion of protein from the interior of the particle to the surface was the control step of the reverse micelle extraction process. The extraction process can be explained by shrinking core model. The macroscopic dynamic equation of the protein forward extraction by the reverse micelles system was established and verified by extraction experiments at different temperatures. The experimental results indicated that the extraction process belonged to first order reaction and the apparent activation energy was 14.65kJ / mol. The kinetic equation model could better describe the reverse micelle extraction process of quinoa protein and could provide important theoretical reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of quinoa protein in the future.

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