Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types and are extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Recent research indicated that exosomes can participate in regulating the tumor microenvironment and impacting tumor proliferation and progression. Due to the extensive enrollment in cancer development, exosomes have become a focus of the search for a new therapeutic method for cancer. Exosomes can be utilized for the therapeutic delivery of small molecules, proteins and RNAs to target cancer cells with a high efficiency. Exosome-carried proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are being tested as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, even as potential treatment targets for cancer. Moreover, different sources of exosomes exhibit multiple performances in cancer applications. In this review, we elaborate on the specific mechanism by which exosomes affect the communication between tumors and the microenvironment and state the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in cancers.

Many technologies have been proposed to oxidize chromium, such as roasting-water leaching technology and hydrometallurgical methods such as pressure oxidative leaching coupled with oxygen, ozone, permanganate and ferrate, but the problems associated with the high temperature, low overall resource utilization efficiency, high energy consumption, and the environmental pollution, still remain unsolved. This paper focuses on the oxidation process of chromium (III) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an alkaline medium. The effect of parameters including dosage of H2O2, dosage of NaOH, reaction time, reaction temperature and stirring rate on the oxidation efficiency of chromium were investigated. The oxidation efficiency was significantly affected by the dosage of H2O2 and NaOH, reaction time and reaction temperature took second place; last was the stirring rate. Oxidation efficiency was nearly 100% under the optimal conditions: volume ratio of H2O2 to mass of Cr2(SO4)3 of 2.4 mL/g, mass ratio of NaOH to Cr2(SO4)3 0.6 g/g, reaction time of 90 min, reaction temperature of 90 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm.

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