Through a study of the publication data about translations in the field of geography in China from 1900 to 2017, this paper discusses translation as an inherent factor implying foreign geography's impact on modernising and promoting geography in China. The progress of geographical translation in China has been circuitous and arduous, and can be classified into four distinct yet interconnected phases according to the four‐fold aspects of growth, dominant origin, main field of the translations, and proportion of translations among the selected published works. Although translation has been so ubiquitous in Chinese geography that it seems the impact of foreign geography is inescapable, “impact” cannot be equal to translation. With that in mind, indicators including the number and proportion of translations, the import and absorption of translations, the intertwined variation of translations from various countries in different fields and phases, and the social and political contexts in China are considered. The discussion demonstrates that the role of translation in the growth of geography in China changed situationally, and translation implied not only a “foreign impact” but also a “domestic remodelling” of the discipline. Although the status of geography in China is very different from what it used to be, this conclusion suggests that “importing” quality work is necessary for the further promotion of Chinese geography.

This study collected regional data from 31 provinces in China and 8 states and territories in Australia in 2016. The study used the descriptive and analytical approach to analyze the results. Also, it used the inductive approach, the descriptive statics analysis and the SPSS to analyze data. it found that the distribution of compulsory education bears both similarities and differences in the two countries. In terms of similarities,there are certain regional differences in the teachers’ faculty of compulsory education in the two countries, and an unbalanced distribution of teachers has emerged. The difference is that although China's compulsory education has rqpidly, the teachers and funds of compulsory education lag far behind Australia, and the Regional imbalance is more serious in China than that in Australia.In other words, if there is a rapidly increasing population somewhere, and the nuers of teachers aren’t keeping up with this in China.

Abstract:The importance of special contexts and historical contingency in explaining the mechanism of human-environment interactions is being increasingly emphasized by human geographers. However, their studies lack appropriate theories and an operational framework to apply a "contextualization" epistemology to explain human-environment interactions. Based on the theory of event ecology, this study establishes a new framework and illustrates it by presenting a case study of the world heritage site of the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces (HHRT). This case study demonstrates that in the HHRT, although it is overwhelmingly believed that the sharp increase in the numbers of restaurants and hotels resulted in increased water usage and, consequently, a decreased amount of water for irrigation, in fact, the dry local terraces were mainly caused by continuously decreased precipitation, the planting of water-consuming crops in forests and deforestation in recent years. These factors were not objectively considered primarily because the unbalanced opportunities for residents to participate in tourism led to significant conflicts in the local community. Thus, the locals exaggerated the contribution of tourism to the dry terraces because they wanted the outsiders pay more attention to these conflicts. This study suggests that the new research framework can effectively avoid presupposition and presumption caused by the prior cognition among researchers and local people to objectively recognize the causes of changes in human-environment interactions. In addition, this study demonstrates that it is necessary to analyze the mechanism for changes in human-environment interactions in detail from the perspectives of local political, economic, and social contexts to enhance the sustainable development of cultural landscape heritage sites.

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