Background: Senescence is the biological process of age-related cellular and organismal deterioration in function. Results: The transcriptome and metabolome at early stages of replicative senescence of yeast cells were measured. Conclusion: The transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles drastically changed at about half of the average replicative lifespan. Significance: This is the first integrated information on transcriptome and metabolome of aging yeast cells.

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In many plants and microorganisms, intracellular proline has a protective role against various stresses, including heat-shock, oxidation and osmolarity. Environmental stresses induce cellular senescence in a variety of eukaryotes. Here we showed that intracellular proline regulates the replicative lifespan in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the proline oxidase gene PUT1 and expression of the γ-glutamate kinase mutant gene PRO1-I150T that is less sensitive to feedback inhibition accumulated proline and extended the replicative lifespan of yeast cells. Inversely, disruption of the proline biosynthetic genes PRO1, PRO2, and CAR2 decreased stationary proline level and shortened the lifespan of yeast cells. Quadruple disruption of the proline transporter genes unexpectedly did not change intracellular proline levels and replicative lifespan. Overexpression of the stress-responsive transcription activator gene MSN2 reduced intracellular proline levels by inducing the expression of PUT1, resulting in a short lifespan. Thus, the intracellular proline levels at stationary phase was positively correlated with the replicative lifespan. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of amino acids in yeast mutants deficient in proline metabolism showed characteristic metabolic profiles coincident with longevity: acidic and basic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids positively contributed to the replicative lifespan. These results allude to proline metabolism having a physiological role in maintaining the lifespan of yeast cells.

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