Photocatalysis has been invariably considered as an unselective process (especially in water) for a fairly long period of time, and the investigation on selective photocatalysis has been largely neglected. In recent years, the field of selective photocatalysis is developing rapidly and now extended to several newer applications. This review focuses on the overall strategies which can improve the selectivity of photocatalysis encompassing a wide variety of photocatalysts, and modifications thereof, as well as the related vital processes of industrial significance such as reduction and oxidation of organics, inorganics, and CO transformation. Comprehensive and successful strategies for enhancing the selectivity in photocatalysis are abridged to reinvigorate and stimulate future investigations. In addition, nonsemiconductor type photocatalysts, such as Ti-Si molecular sieves and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), are also briefly appraised in view of their special role in special selective photocatalysis, namely epoxidation reactions, among others. In the end, a summary and outlook on the challenges and future directions in the research field are included in the comprehensive review.

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy management system (EMS) with fuzzy control for a DC micro-grid system. Modeling, analysis and control of distributed power sources and energy storage devices with MATLAB/Simulink are proposed, and the integrated monitoring energy management system (EMS) is implemented with LabVIEW. To improve the life cycle of the battery, fuzzy control manages the desired state of charge (SOC). The RS-485/ZigBee network has been designed to control the operating mode and to monitor the values of all subsystems in the DC micro-grid system.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is involved in nonmalignant pathological processes. However, TREM2’s function in malignant diseases, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In the present study, we report that TREM2 is a novel tumor suppressor in HCC. TREM2 expression was obviously decreased in hepatoma cells (especially metastatic HCC cells), and in most human HCC tissues (especially extrahepatic metastatic tumors). Reduced tumor TREM2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients, and with aggressive pathological features (BCLC stage, tumor size, tumor encapsulation, vascular invasion, and tumor differentiation). TREM2 knockdown substantially promoted cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, while TREM2 overexpression produced the opposite effect. TREM2 suppressed HCC metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, accompanied by abnormal expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Further study revealed that downregulation of TREM2 in HCC was regulated by miR-31-5p. Moreover, by directly interacting with β-catenin, TREM2 attenuated oncogenic and metastatic behaviors by inhibiting Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, and activating β-catenin. TREM2 suppressed carcinogenesis and metastasis in HCC by targeting the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, we propose that TREM2 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker in malignant diseases and TREM2 restoration might be a prospective strategy for HCC therapy.