Original Citation:A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes Published version:DOI:10.1111/gcb.13714 Terms of use:Open Access (Article begins on next page) Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global meta-dataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in-field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in-field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes. Availability: This is the author's manuscript

Double network (DN) gels, consisting of a brittle first and flexible second network, have been known to be extremely tough and functional hydrogels. In a DN gel subjected to force, the brittle first network breaks prior to the fracture of the flexible network. This process, referred to as internal fracture, dissipates energy and increases the energy required to completely fracture DN gels. Such internal fracture macroscopically appears as a yielding-like phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the yield point and the first network molecular structure of DN gels to more deeply understand the internal fracture mechanism of DN gels. To achieve this goal, we synthesized DN gels having a tetra-PEG first network, which is known to be a nearly ideal and well-controlled network gel. We have found that yielding of the DN gels occurs when the first network strands reach their extension limit (finite extensibility), regardless of their deformation mode. This conclusion not only helps by further understanding the toughening mechanism of DN gels but also allows for the design of DN gels with precisely controlled mechanical properties.

We report a novel method to prepare silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) having excellent stability in water without organic-ligands by simultaneously doping phosphorus and boron. The codoped Si-QDs in water exhibit bright size-tunable luminescence in a biological window. The luminescence of codoped Si-QDs is very stable under continuous photoexcitation in water.

To investigate the effect of inhomogeneity in the first network on the enormously high toughness of double network (DN) gels, we fabricated DN gels with a nearly homogeneous first network structure (named St-TPEG/PAAm DN gels) based on tetra-PEG (TPEG) gels via a molecular stent method. The St-TPEG/PAAm DN gels also show excellent mechanical properties and yielding-like phenomena comparable to conventional DN gels. This result demonstrates that the inhomogeneity within the first network is not essential for the specific toughening mechanism of DN gels. On the other hand, the St-TPEG/PAAm DN gels and conventional DN gels undergo substantially different fracture processes before the yielding point. This suggests the importance of a "homogenization process" for the yielding of DN gels. Since the St-TPEG/PAAm DN gels consist of a well-defined first network, they may serve as model DN gels in the future for further studies on fracture processes of DN gels.

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