No abstract

develop tufts in both the small and the large intestine. The reason for this differential manifestation of disease expression remains unknown. Finally, as recently suggested by Sivagnanam et al ( 7), new information regarding EPCAM mutations, particularly nonsense mutations, may have important therapeutic implications. Improved understanding of the genetic mutations in EpCAM, and increased knowledge regarding the disease genotype-phenotype relationship, could lead to more accurate disease prognostics, as well as to the identification of individualized treatment adjuncts for patients with TE, particularly because treatment options for TE are limited and the majority of patients remain TPN-dependent and/or go on to require intestinal transplantation.

No abstract

Fatigue sensation is an essential biological alarm that urges us to take rest to avoid disrupting homeostasis and thus plays an important role in maintaining well-being. However, there are situations in which the anticipation of unpleasant fatigue sensation undesirably reduces motivation for activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether thinking positively about the fatigue sensation would increase motivation to accomplish the workload. Fourteen healthy male volunteers participated in this study and performed a two-back test for 30 min to induce mental fatigue sensation. After their subjective level of fatigue had recovered to the baseline level, they re-experienced the fatigue sensation experienced in the two-back test positively, negatively, and without any modification (i.e., re-experienced the fatigue sensation as it was). The level of motivation to perform another two-back test they felt during the re-experiencing was assessed. The neural activity related to the re-experiencing was recorded using magnetoencephalography. The level of the motivation to perform another two-back test was increased by positively re-experiencing the fatigue sensation. The increase in delta band power in Brodmann area 7 was positively associated with the increase in motivation. These results show that positive thinking about fatigue sensation can enhance motivation and suggest that this enhanced motivation may have some effects on visual attention system.