We propose a new mobile robot that uses three standing-wave-type ultrasonic motors (USMs). The USMs are composed of two stacked-type piezoelectric actuators. Recently, with the miniaturization of electronic and microelectromechanical system devices and progress in the biomedical sciences, the demand for multifunctional manipulation of chip parts and biomedical cells has increased. Conventional multiaxial stages are too bulky for multifunctional manipulation in which multiple manipulators are required. Using conventional precise mobile robots is feasible for miniaturization of multifunctional manipulation, although their cables influence positioning repeatability. USMs are feasible actuators for realizing cableless robots because their energy efficiency is relatively higher than that of other motors of millimeter scale. The aim of this study is to develop a new type of omnidirectional mobile robot driven by USMs. In experiments, we evaluated the feasibility by investigating velocity, positioning deviation, and achieving repeatability of translational movements under open-loop control. We determine the repeatability as a ratio of the standard deviation of the final points to the average path length. The proposed mobile robot achieves velocities of 18.6-31.4 mm/s and repeatability of 4.1%-9.1% with a 200-g weight.

In this paper, a harvestman-like hexapod walking robot named ASURA I is proposed and its leg mechanism design is discussed. Modeled on a harvestman in nature, the authors have introduced the concept of mobile form that has long legs and small body to ASURA I to enhance mobile performance on rough terrain. To develop long legs relative to body, special parallel link mechanism to drive leg joints powerfully and effectively is introduced to leg mechanism of ASURA I. First, we discuss design problems of leg mechanism in detail: leg length, DOF configuration, actuator selection and leg driving system. Then, analysis of kinematics, singularity and static characteristic of leg mechanism are reported. Finally, the prototype leg, which is 1.3 m in length and 3.2 kg in weight, has been developed and tested on some basic performance. The prototype successfully have demonstrated very basic motion.

In this paper, we describe a novel capillary force gripper with two nozzles for the manipulation of complex-shaped micro-objects. These nozzles rapidly form constant-volume droplets and have two primary functions: fast water refilling by capillary action and fast droplet formation by the on-off control of a diaphragm pump. Capillary force is a dominant microscopic force acting on objects of all shapes owing to the fluidity of water. Therefore, it is suitable for the capture and release of heterogeneous and complex-shaped micro-objects. In the experiments, we picked and placed 1-mm cubes, triangular prisms, and helical micro springs. The positioning errors ±SD for each shape were 54 ± 36 μm, 85 ± 32 μm, and 162 ± 74 μm, respectively. These prisms and springs are difficult to control using conventional air nozzles, which have a typical positioning accuracy of approximately ± 40 μm for rectangular prismatic objects. In addition, by setting the distance between the nozzles to an appropriate value, we reduced the deviation of the attitude angle around the vertical axis to ±2.6° using self-alignment phenomena for the 1-mm cubes. The proposed method is feasible for manipulating complex-shaped and fragile micro-objects in the micro-electro-mechanical systems field.

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In this paper, we describe a newly developed vision feedback method for improving the placement accuracy and success rate of a single nozzle capillary force gripper. The capillary force gripper was developed for the pick-and-place of mm-sized objects. The gripper picks up an object by contacting the top surface of the object with a droplet formed on its nozzle and places the object by contacting the bottom surface of the object with a droplet previously applied to the place surface. To improve the placement accuracy, we developed a vision feedback system combined with two cameras. First, a side camera was installed to capture images of the object and nozzle from the side. Second, from the captured images, the contour of the pre-applied droplet for placement and the contour of the object picked up by the nozzle were detected. Lastly, from the detected contours, the distance between the top surface of the droplet for object release and the bottom surface of the object was measured to determine the appropriate amount of nozzle descent. Through the experiments, we verified that the size matching effect worked reasonably well; the average placement error minimizes when the size of the cross-section of the objects is closer to that of the nozzle. We attributed this result to the self-alignment effect. We also confirmed that we could control the attitude of the object when we matched the shape of the nozzle to that of the sample. These results support the feasibility of the developed vision feedback system, which uses the capillary force gripper for heterogeneous and complex-shaped micro-objects in flexible electronics, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), soft robotics, soft matter, and biomedical fields.